1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,850 oh 2 00:00:10,549 --> 00:00:07,550 welcome to the Space Telescope public 3 00:00:13,490 --> 00:00:10,559 lecture series tonight's talk 4 00:00:15,289 --> 00:00:13,500 active galaxies Monsters of the deep 5 00:00:17,210 --> 00:00:15,299 space 6 00:00:20,390 --> 00:00:17,220 Travis Fisher from the Space Telescope 7 00:00:22,730 --> 00:00:20,400 Science Institute will be presenting I 8 00:00:24,950 --> 00:00:22,740 am your host Dr Frank Summers of the 9 00:00:28,370 --> 00:00:24,960 Office of Public Outreach here at the 10 00:00:30,410 --> 00:00:28,380 Space Telescope Science Institute I note 11 00:00:33,490 --> 00:00:30,420 that our public lecture series will 12 00:00:37,069 --> 00:00:33,500 continue to be online only throughout 13 00:00:39,470 --> 00:00:37,079 2023 and of course I always want to 14 00:00:41,810 --> 00:00:39,480 thank our amazing Tech team which is 15 00:00:43,729 --> 00:00:41,820 usually Thomas marufu and Grant Justice 16 00:00:46,790 --> 00:00:43,739 however playing the part of Thomas 17 00:00:49,369 --> 00:00:46,800 merufu tonight is Kevin Flynn thank you 18 00:00:50,990 --> 00:00:49,379 Kevin for filling in kind of last minute 19 00:00:54,290 --> 00:00:51,000 because it was only this afternoon that 20 00:00:59,090 --> 00:00:54,300 we had to change change up our personnel 21 00:01:02,510 --> 00:00:59,100 our upcoming talks uh in April uh 22 00:01:05,570 --> 00:01:02,520 exploring Rocky worlds on the precipice 23 00:01:07,490 --> 00:01:05,580 of a new frontier by Catherine Bennett 24 00:01:11,330 --> 00:01:07,500 also of space-based telescope Science 25 00:01:12,950 --> 00:01:11,340 Institute in May Amanda pagul will be 26 00:01:15,530 --> 00:01:12,960 presenting a talk that doesn't have an 27 00:01:18,410 --> 00:01:15,540 exact title yet but it will be on Galaxy 28 00:01:20,749 --> 00:01:18,420 clusters and the frontier Fields so 29 00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:20,759 these are galaxies out at the edge of 30 00:01:25,789 --> 00:01:22,040 the universe 31 00:01:28,789 --> 00:01:25,799 and on June our June talk will be done 32 00:01:31,850 --> 00:01:28,799 in a association with a science 33 00:01:34,910 --> 00:01:31,860 conference on the Nancy Grace Roman 34 00:01:37,670 --> 00:01:34,920 Space Telescope so they have asked us if 35 00:01:40,130 --> 00:01:37,680 we can delay it and actually put it on a 36 00:01:44,390 --> 00:01:40,140 Thursday yes not a Tuesday night a 37 00:01:47,030 --> 00:01:44,400 Thursday uh June 22nd so note that 38 00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:49,010 about the Nancy Grace Roman Space 39 00:01:53,690 --> 00:01:51,240 Telescope uh but they haven't told me 40 00:01:56,929 --> 00:01:53,700 who their speaker is going to be so uh 41 00:01:59,030 --> 00:01:56,939 that will be a special event uh and I I 42 00:02:02,210 --> 00:01:59,040 will give you the details of that next 43 00:02:04,870 --> 00:02:02,220 month or you can find them on our 44 00:02:10,910 --> 00:02:08,570 www.stsci.edu public hyphen lectures 45 00:02:13,670 --> 00:02:10,920 where you will find this webpage 46 00:02:16,790 --> 00:02:13,680 in the left you can see the link to our 47 00:02:20,570 --> 00:02:16,800 webcast both our YouTube playlist and 48 00:02:23,570 --> 00:02:20,580 our webcasting on the stsci webcasting 49 00:02:26,990 --> 00:02:23,580 page and on the right you can see how 50 00:02:29,330 --> 00:02:27,000 easy it is to sign up for our uh monthly 51 00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:29,340 emails uh just enter your email address 52 00:02:35,690 --> 00:02:31,920 hit that subscribe button and you'll get 53 00:02:38,390 --> 00:02:35,700 like two maybe three emails per month 54 00:02:41,089 --> 00:02:38,400 also on our website are our list of 55 00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:41,099 upcoming lectures and if you click on 56 00:02:45,650 --> 00:02:43,080 any one of those lectures you will get 57 00:02:48,530 --> 00:02:45,660 the full details including its 58 00:02:51,170 --> 00:02:48,540 description and links to the 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Hubble Space Telescope for the web Space 74 00:03:35,509 --> 00:03:33,180 Telescope and for the Space Telescope 75 00:03:38,630 --> 00:03:35,519 Science Institute and you'll find them 76 00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:38,640 on Facebook Twitter Youtube and 77 00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:42,900 Instagram Instagram at the uh addresses 78 00:03:47,690 --> 00:03:46,080 listed I don't do much social media so 79 00:03:49,250 --> 00:03:47,700 if you want to follow me you're going to 80 00:03:51,470 --> 00:03:49,260 be kind of bored 81 00:03:53,449 --> 00:03:51,480 um but you will find a few interesting 82 00:03:56,449 --> 00:03:53,459 things every now and then on Facebook 83 00:03:59,330 --> 00:03:56,459 and Twitter at Dr Frank Summers 84 00:04:02,089 --> 00:03:59,340 and now our news from the universe for 85 00:04:05,570 --> 00:04:02,099 March 2023 86 00:04:10,190 --> 00:04:05,580 our first story for you the bespoke 87 00:04:12,770 --> 00:04:10,200 rings of Saturn well Hubble has taken a 88 00:04:15,949 --> 00:04:12,780 lot of images of Saturn 89 00:04:19,129 --> 00:04:15,959 um and in the late 1990s we that we got 90 00:04:20,930 --> 00:04:19,139 images of Saturn every single year and 91 00:04:27,650 --> 00:04:20,940 you can see in the upper left starting 92 00:04:31,430 --> 00:04:27,660 in December 1994 and then 95 96 97 98 99 93 00:04:34,610 --> 00:04:31,440 and 2000 and you can see how the 94 00:04:38,030 --> 00:04:34,620 orientation of Saturn relative to Earth 95 00:04:40,909 --> 00:04:38,040 changes as Saturn moves around its orbit 96 00:04:43,070 --> 00:04:40,919 because it's not flat that ring plane 97 00:04:46,370 --> 00:04:43,080 isn't flat to the ecliptic it's actually 98 00:04:48,050 --> 00:04:46,380 tilted so as Saturn moves around the 99 00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:48,060 solar system 100 00:04:53,150 --> 00:04:50,220 um the ring plane looked at different 101 00:04:56,570 --> 00:04:53,160 various tilts and Saturn actually takes 102 00:04:59,950 --> 00:04:56,580 about 30 years to complete an orbit so 103 00:05:03,650 --> 00:04:59,960 each season on Saturn lasts for about 104 00:05:06,590 --> 00:05:03,660 seven years that'll be important in just 105 00:05:09,469 --> 00:05:06,600 a second we continue to take pictures of 106 00:05:13,450 --> 00:05:09,479 images matter of fact we have the outer 107 00:05:17,030 --> 00:05:13,460 planets uh Legacy program called opal 108 00:05:21,469 --> 00:05:17,040 and opal got this beautiful image of 109 00:05:23,390 --> 00:05:21,479 Saturn in September of 2022. yeah just 110 00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:23,400 another gorgeous image Saturn's just 111 00:05:28,550 --> 00:05:26,280 beautiful okay you know we can't these 112 00:05:30,830 --> 00:05:28,560 we're always really interested uh on 113 00:05:32,510 --> 00:05:30,840 seeing Saturn how Saturn looks and with 114 00:05:34,189 --> 00:05:32,520 the opal program in particular they're 115 00:05:37,930 --> 00:05:34,199 studying the atmosphere and how it 116 00:05:40,730 --> 00:05:37,940 changes however this image is special 117 00:05:43,430 --> 00:05:40,740 not because of the atmosphere which is 118 00:05:47,029 --> 00:05:43,440 still cool okay it's still cool but it's 119 00:05:49,070 --> 00:05:47,039 also because in this image ring spokes 120 00:05:51,529 --> 00:05:49,080 appeared you see that those little 121 00:05:56,390 --> 00:05:51,539 blotches there in the in in the Rings 122 00:05:59,870 --> 00:05:56,400 those are called ring spokes okay and 123 00:06:02,629 --> 00:05:59,880 this is a new thing recently okay we 124 00:06:06,529 --> 00:06:02,639 have seen them originally started with 125 00:06:10,730 --> 00:06:06,539 the Voyager 2 and Voyager 2 went by um 126 00:06:13,370 --> 00:06:10,740 Saturn in August of 1981 and again you 127 00:06:15,050 --> 00:06:13,380 can see these smudges in the Rings uh 128 00:06:17,090 --> 00:06:15,060 which is the first time we ever saw 129 00:06:19,850 --> 00:06:17,100 these ring spokes 130 00:06:21,050 --> 00:06:19,860 they were also seen by the Cassini 131 00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:21,060 Mission remember the Cassini mission 132 00:06:26,990 --> 00:06:24,000 that was at Saturn for like a decade uh 133 00:06:29,689 --> 00:06:27,000 the Cassini Mission saw them starting in 134 00:06:31,850 --> 00:06:29,699 September 2005. and here you can see 135 00:06:34,490 --> 00:06:31,860 instead of being the dark smudges that 136 00:06:36,290 --> 00:06:34,500 Hubble and voyagers uh saw in those 137 00:06:38,029 --> 00:06:36,300 previous two images here you have some 138 00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:38,039 bright ring spokes 139 00:06:42,350 --> 00:06:40,560 um in uh Saturn's rings in September 140 00:06:45,890 --> 00:06:42,360 2005. 141 00:06:48,770 --> 00:06:45,900 so why is the seasons on Saturn 142 00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:48,780 important because astronomers seem to 143 00:06:54,650 --> 00:06:51,660 have noticed that the ring spokes might 144 00:06:58,490 --> 00:06:54,660 have something to do with when Saturn is 145 00:07:00,890 --> 00:06:58,500 at equinox okay so uh Equinox is the 146 00:07:03,290 --> 00:07:00,900 separate is the transfer from Winter to 147 00:07:05,510 --> 00:07:03,300 Spring they have a spring equinox and 148 00:07:08,270 --> 00:07:05,520 then it's also the transfers from Summer 149 00:07:09,290 --> 00:07:08,280 uh to fall which is the fall equinox 150 00:07:13,370 --> 00:07:09,300 right 151 00:07:16,370 --> 00:07:13,380 so at the equinoxes 152 00:07:19,189 --> 00:07:16,380 um they find that this spoke activity is 153 00:07:22,730 --> 00:07:19,199 more prevalent or is only prevalent 154 00:07:25,909 --> 00:07:22,740 around the equinoxes and so if you 155 00:07:29,029 --> 00:07:25,919 notice here in August 1995 you can see 156 00:07:32,270 --> 00:07:29,039 the Rings Edge on that would be 157 00:07:35,150 --> 00:07:32,280 um uh around the Equinox when Saturn's 158 00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:35,160 rings are flat on to to the sun okay 159 00:07:41,570 --> 00:07:38,180 that would be the transfer between 160 00:07:44,629 --> 00:07:41,580 Northern uh winter and 161 00:07:47,150 --> 00:07:44,639 um uh and spring or between summer and 162 00:07:50,450 --> 00:07:47,160 fall I'm not exactly sure I guess this 163 00:07:53,210 --> 00:07:50,460 one is going into Southern uh summer uh 164 00:07:56,330 --> 00:07:53,220 going in the sequence that we see here 165 00:07:59,029 --> 00:07:56,340 well what we know about Saturn now is 166 00:08:03,890 --> 00:07:59,039 the next Equinox is coming up in two 167 00:08:06,409 --> 00:08:03,900 years in May 2025 and so the astronomers 168 00:08:09,469 --> 00:08:06,419 are excited to see these spokes with 169 00:08:12,290 --> 00:08:09,479 Hubble uh and and have the clarity to be 170 00:08:14,270 --> 00:08:12,300 able to look at them and to study them 171 00:08:17,390 --> 00:08:14,280 over the course as we progress into the 172 00:08:19,550 --> 00:08:17,400 equinox and after the Equinox to see how 173 00:08:22,189 --> 00:08:19,560 these spokes are because 174 00:08:26,330 --> 00:08:22,199 we don't actually know why the spokes 175 00:08:28,610 --> 00:08:26,340 appear uh there is a dominant idea a 176 00:08:32,149 --> 00:08:28,620 hypothesis that has something to do with 177 00:08:34,670 --> 00:08:32,159 Saturn's magnetic fields and so that uh 178 00:08:37,490 --> 00:08:34,680 that I'm not exactly sure why that would 179 00:08:38,990 --> 00:08:37,500 be activated at equinox but that's what 180 00:08:41,389 --> 00:08:39,000 they tell me that it has something to do 181 00:08:44,149 --> 00:08:41,399 with the the orientation of Saturn's 182 00:08:46,010 --> 00:08:44,159 magnetic field as we get to Equinox and 183 00:08:48,889 --> 00:08:46,020 so they're going to be looking at Saturn 184 00:08:52,009 --> 00:08:48,899 carefully over the next several years to 185 00:08:53,750 --> 00:08:52,019 see if they can test this hypothesis and 186 00:08:56,150 --> 00:08:53,760 what they can come up with as to what 187 00:08:59,030 --> 00:08:56,160 are the reasons that these spokes appear 188 00:09:01,490 --> 00:08:59,040 and that they seem to be seasonal in 189 00:09:05,150 --> 00:09:01,500 their appearance 190 00:09:08,630 --> 00:09:05,160 our Second Story is detailed Galactic 191 00:09:11,449 --> 00:09:08,640 structure with fangs yes gonna sink our 192 00:09:14,750 --> 00:09:11,459 teeth into this story here let's start 193 00:09:16,670 --> 00:09:14,760 with a ground-based image okay this is a 194 00:09:20,150 --> 00:09:16,680 ground-based image of the whirlpool 195 00:09:22,850 --> 00:09:20,160 Galaxy also known as messy A51 196 00:09:25,910 --> 00:09:22,860 honestly it's my favorite Galaxy okay 197 00:09:28,850 --> 00:09:25,920 it's just a gorgeous Grand Design spiral 198 00:09:30,829 --> 00:09:28,860 galaxy but what's really cool is when 199 00:09:33,230 --> 00:09:30,839 you look at the 200 00:09:37,490 --> 00:09:33,240 view invisible light 201 00:09:39,230 --> 00:09:37,500 and you contrast it to the view in 202 00:09:42,710 --> 00:09:39,240 infrared from the Spitzer Space 203 00:09:44,329 --> 00:09:42,720 Telescope all right so this is the 204 00:09:47,269 --> 00:09:44,339 visible light View 205 00:09:49,970 --> 00:09:47,279 and this is the infrared View 206 00:09:52,730 --> 00:09:49,980 and it's really kind of cool because you 207 00:09:54,769 --> 00:09:52,740 see all this glowing gas in infrared 208 00:09:57,650 --> 00:09:54,779 well if you go back to the invisible 209 00:10:01,190 --> 00:09:57,660 light that's all the dark gas those dark 210 00:10:05,810 --> 00:10:01,200 dust lanes that are opaque invisible 211 00:10:08,269 --> 00:10:05,820 light become emissive in infrared light 212 00:10:10,730 --> 00:10:08,279 and you get to see all that internal 213 00:10:12,110 --> 00:10:10,740 structure of the gas within the spiral 214 00:10:14,990 --> 00:10:12,120 galaxy 215 00:10:17,509 --> 00:10:15,000 the thing is however Spitzer isn't that 216 00:10:20,030 --> 00:10:17,519 high resolution especially if I take 217 00:10:22,610 --> 00:10:20,040 that Spitzer image and then I compare it 218 00:10:24,410 --> 00:10:22,620 to the hobble image and it's like whoa 219 00:10:27,650 --> 00:10:24,420 whoa there's just so much more 220 00:10:30,290 --> 00:10:27,660 resolution in the Hubble image okay oh I 221 00:10:31,730 --> 00:10:30,300 left kpno here that's not kid Peak 222 00:10:34,430 --> 00:10:31,740 National observator this is a whole 223 00:10:36,710 --> 00:10:34,440 image okay oops my bad 224 00:10:38,329 --> 00:10:36,720 um but here's the Spitzer image and 225 00:10:41,570 --> 00:10:38,339 there's the Hubble image and the Hubble 226 00:10:43,790 --> 00:10:41,580 Is Such higher resolution wouldn't it be 227 00:10:46,190 --> 00:10:43,800 really cool if we had an infrared 228 00:10:48,410 --> 00:10:46,200 telescope with the same resolution as 229 00:10:51,290 --> 00:10:48,420 Hubble to see the same those structures 230 00:10:52,490 --> 00:10:51,300 in this kind of detail and of course you 231 00:10:54,350 --> 00:10:52,500 know where I'm going with this because 232 00:10:57,170 --> 00:10:54,360 we have the James Webb Space Telescope 233 00:10:59,389 --> 00:10:57,180 up there now but first I need to tell 234 00:11:03,050 --> 00:10:59,399 you a little bit about the fangs survey 235 00:11:06,410 --> 00:11:03,060 okay so the Fang survey started out at 236 00:11:08,990 --> 00:11:06,420 the Atacama large millimeter array Alma 237 00:11:12,110 --> 00:11:09,000 Alma all right it started out as a 238 00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:12,120 survey at Alma to look at nearby spiral 239 00:11:17,389 --> 00:11:15,360 galaxies that says physics at high 240 00:11:20,110 --> 00:11:17,399 angular resolution in nearby galaxies 241 00:11:23,569 --> 00:11:20,120 okay so the NG is nearby yeah 242 00:11:27,530 --> 00:11:23,579 NGS is actually nearby galaxies 243 00:11:31,030 --> 00:11:27,540 gotta get that s in there and Alma is 244 00:11:34,190 --> 00:11:31,040 good as a radio survey of looking at the 245 00:11:37,910 --> 00:11:34,200 carbon monoxide molecule which traces 246 00:11:40,970 --> 00:11:37,920 the cold star-forming gas okay and they 247 00:11:43,250 --> 00:11:40,980 looked at the gas disks in 90 nearby 248 00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:43,260 spiral galaxies to really start to 249 00:11:47,750 --> 00:11:45,120 underlook it then they said let's 250 00:11:50,990 --> 00:11:47,760 contrast that with observations from 251 00:11:55,250 --> 00:11:51,000 other telescopes so they did the fangs 252 00:11:57,350 --> 00:11:55,260 Muse program all right and news is a 253 00:12:01,370 --> 00:11:57,360 instrument on the very large telescope 254 00:12:04,790 --> 00:12:01,380 at Sierra tololo in Chile and it's the 255 00:12:06,590 --> 00:12:04,800 multi-unit spectroscopic Explorer it's 256 00:12:08,750 --> 00:12:06,600 what we call an integral field unit 257 00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:08,760 right and an integral field unit is 258 00:12:15,050 --> 00:12:12,060 really cool because it gets images but 259 00:12:16,610 --> 00:12:15,060 it also gets Spectra at every pixel all 260 00:12:18,889 --> 00:12:16,620 right this is a really cool thing we 261 00:12:21,949 --> 00:12:18,899 actually have an integral field unit on 262 00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:21,959 J2 St it won't be used for this what I'm 263 00:12:28,009 --> 00:12:23,700 talking about now but it's being used 264 00:12:31,550 --> 00:12:28,019 for other things but the muse ifs on the 265 00:12:34,190 --> 00:12:31,560 VLT was able to do observations of many 266 00:12:36,769 --> 00:12:34,200 of these galaxies too I think it says uh 267 00:12:39,889 --> 00:12:36,779 here 19 star forming spiral galaxies 268 00:12:41,569 --> 00:12:39,899 with Muse uh to contrast and then they 269 00:12:44,329 --> 00:12:41,579 said we want the really high resolution 270 00:12:49,250 --> 00:12:44,339 stuff so where are you gonna go you're 271 00:12:52,069 --> 00:12:49,260 gonna do fangs HST all right and so uh 272 00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:52,079 Hubble was able to look at 38 of these 273 00:12:57,230 --> 00:12:55,200 galaxies in Optical light okay and then 274 00:12:59,090 --> 00:12:57,240 if you combine all three of those you 275 00:13:01,069 --> 00:12:59,100 take the alma and the Muse and the 276 00:13:04,610 --> 00:13:01,079 Hubble and put them together in an image 277 00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:04,620 here's what NGC 3351 looks like and so 278 00:13:08,870 --> 00:13:06,660 you've got three different wavelengths 279 00:13:10,670 --> 00:13:08,880 to look at and get all the various 280 00:13:12,430 --> 00:13:10,680 physics of star formation that's going 281 00:13:15,829 --> 00:13:12,440 on in these galaxies 282 00:13:20,530 --> 00:13:15,839 but and you know I was leading here uh 283 00:13:24,050 --> 00:13:20,540 what we really want uh is the fangs j2st 284 00:13:27,050 --> 00:13:24,060 and last month the in the appj letters 285 00:13:29,690 --> 00:13:27,060 uh the first results from the fangs j2st 286 00:13:31,790 --> 00:13:29,700 survey came out okay and they have a 287 00:13:33,650 --> 00:13:31,800 bunch of these galaxies 288 00:13:36,769 --> 00:13:33,660 um they're actually doing 19 different 289 00:13:38,870 --> 00:13:36,779 galaxies with web and so here I am 290 00:13:41,389 --> 00:13:38,880 tonight to show you just the very first 291 00:13:42,769 --> 00:13:41,399 results just that's sort of a teaser of 292 00:13:46,449 --> 00:13:42,779 what's going on 293 00:13:52,430 --> 00:13:46,459 um and we released two images uh NGC 294 00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:52,440 1433 and NGC 7496 and look at this this 295 00:13:56,990 --> 00:13:54,540 is what I was telling you about we're 296 00:13:59,569 --> 00:13:57,000 able to see that detailed structure of 297 00:14:02,210 --> 00:13:59,579 the gas and dust using these mid 298 00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:02,220 infrared observations from the web Space 299 00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:05,040 Telescope and really see the detail in 300 00:14:09,710 --> 00:14:07,560 that fine resolution that I've been 301 00:14:12,050 --> 00:14:09,720 dreaming about for like a decade or two 302 00:14:14,150 --> 00:14:12,060 all right this is really great so we're 303 00:14:17,449 --> 00:14:14,160 able to see the structure going on in 304 00:14:19,250 --> 00:14:17,459 here and so it's really cool in 7496 is 305 00:14:21,110 --> 00:14:19,260 that we're also seeing you see that red 306 00:14:23,690 --> 00:14:21,120 light coming from the center that's an 307 00:14:25,069 --> 00:14:23,700 active Galactic nucleus here all right 308 00:14:27,889 --> 00:14:25,079 and you're going to hear about a few 309 00:14:29,870 --> 00:14:27,899 things about active galaxies here and it 310 00:14:32,269 --> 00:14:29,880 turns out that Jus T's mid infrared 311 00:14:34,850 --> 00:14:32,279 observations actually do see the 312 00:14:38,329 --> 00:14:34,860 emission from the material around active 313 00:14:39,829 --> 00:14:38,339 Galactic nuclei here so this is just the 314 00:14:43,129 --> 00:14:39,839 beginning of what we're going to get 315 00:14:44,930 --> 00:14:43,139 from Fang's web and we're going to have 316 00:14:46,610 --> 00:14:44,940 to do all the correlations across 317 00:14:48,769 --> 00:14:46,620 correlations against the visible light 318 00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:48,779 from Hubble uh the spectroscopic 319 00:14:54,050 --> 00:14:51,300 observations from Muse and the radio 320 00:14:56,629 --> 00:14:54,060 observations from Alma and being able to 321 00:14:59,030 --> 00:14:56,639 look in multiple wavelengths gives us 322 00:15:02,329 --> 00:14:59,040 more information to diagnose the physics 323 00:15:06,189 --> 00:15:02,339 that's going on in the star formation in 324 00:15:14,269 --> 00:15:11,470 so our speaker tonight is Travis Fisher 325 00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:14,279 and he will be talking out to us about 326 00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:15,920 active galaxies 327 00:15:20,689 --> 00:15:18,240 Travis is here at the Space Telescope 328 00:15:24,370 --> 00:15:20,699 Science Institute as an Issa Ora 329 00:15:27,110 --> 00:15:24,380 astronomer and he's been here since 2020 330 00:15:29,509 --> 00:15:27,120 although he tells me he has not spent 331 00:15:33,050 --> 00:15:29,519 much time in his office because he got 332 00:15:36,290 --> 00:15:33,060 here just before the pandemic started 333 00:15:38,930 --> 00:15:36,300 um he uh got his undergraduate degree at 334 00:15:43,730 --> 00:15:38,940 the University of Wisconsin 335 00:15:46,430 --> 00:15:43,740 the the main campus I forget the name of 336 00:15:49,430 --> 00:15:46,440 the the sub campus uh that that he was 337 00:15:50,710 --> 00:15:49,440 at and then he did his graduate work at 338 00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:50,720 Georgia State 339 00:15:57,290 --> 00:15:53,880 and then he was able to move to the 340 00:15:59,569 --> 00:15:57,300 Washington DC Baltimore area and work at 341 00:16:02,350 --> 00:15:59,579 three places the U.S Naval Observatory 342 00:16:05,269 --> 00:16:02,360 uh where it was a research uh researcher 343 00:16:06,530 --> 00:16:05,279 at The Goddard space flight center where 344 00:16:07,389 --> 00:16:06,540 he was a 345 00:16:10,970 --> 00:16:07,399 UST 346 00:16:12,829 --> 00:16:10,980 postdoctoral fellow and then finally he 347 00:16:15,110 --> 00:16:12,839 settled here at the Space Telescope 348 00:16:17,689 --> 00:16:15,120 Science Institute 349 00:16:19,670 --> 00:16:17,699 um so it's been nice that his many 350 00:16:22,250 --> 00:16:19,680 astronomers actually move all around the 351 00:16:24,889 --> 00:16:22,260 globe during that period after graduate 352 00:16:26,090 --> 00:16:24,899 school but he's been able to have a 353 00:16:27,889 --> 00:16:26,100 relatively 354 00:16:31,430 --> 00:16:27,899 um uh 355 00:16:33,230 --> 00:16:31,440 relatively calm moving possibility which 356 00:16:36,290 --> 00:16:33,240 has allowed him to develop his family 357 00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:36,300 he's got two kids uh he says he likes 358 00:16:41,509 --> 00:16:39,600 hiking and the outdoors so hopefully we 359 00:16:44,749 --> 00:16:41,519 won't lose him to Colorado like where 360 00:16:46,610 --> 00:16:44,759 several of our friends uh many of some 361 00:16:48,170 --> 00:16:46,620 of my my friends who are astronomers 362 00:16:50,749 --> 00:16:48,180 love it because they get they really 363 00:16:52,970 --> 00:16:50,759 enjoy the hiking Outdoors but we got 364 00:16:56,749 --> 00:16:52,980 Travis here and we're keeping him so 365 00:16:58,790 --> 00:16:56,759 ladies and gentlemen uh Dr Travis Fisher 366 00:17:00,889 --> 00:16:58,800 Frank thank you so much thank you very 367 00:17:04,669 --> 00:17:00,899 much for having me tonight 368 00:17:06,949 --> 00:17:04,679 uh so yeah let's get to it 369 00:17:09,710 --> 00:17:06,959 so yeah I'm here tonight to talk to 370 00:17:11,510 --> 00:17:09,720 everybody about active galaxies and this 371 00:17:13,970 --> 00:17:11,520 is just like a broad 372 00:17:16,250 --> 00:17:13,980 um talk to kind of understand why we 373 00:17:18,650 --> 00:17:16,260 consider them the monsters of the 374 00:17:21,289 --> 00:17:18,660 universe the monsters of the deep space 375 00:17:23,270 --> 00:17:21,299 right uh and so before we get there 376 00:17:25,130 --> 00:17:23,280 we're gonna have to kind of slow it down 377 00:17:28,429 --> 00:17:25,140 and just start with the building blocks 378 00:17:30,710 --> 00:17:28,439 about like what is like a Galaxy first 379 00:17:33,169 --> 00:17:30,720 of all so that I mean we can't just jump 380 00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:33,179 right into AGN so what is a Galaxy by 381 00:17:38,810 --> 00:17:35,760 itself first of all and so 382 00:17:40,549 --> 00:17:38,820 um a Galaxy uh is going to be just a 383 00:17:42,890 --> 00:17:40,559 cluster of stop of billions of stars 384 00:17:44,810 --> 00:17:42,900 billions of stars uh and sell them some 385 00:17:48,110 --> 00:17:44,820 gas and some dust that's all held 386 00:17:49,909 --> 00:17:48,120 together by gravity so these are Hubble 387 00:17:52,310 --> 00:17:49,919 images of a of a bunch of nearby 388 00:17:54,590 --> 00:17:52,320 galaxies as part of this Legos survey 389 00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:54,600 and we can see uh it looks like static 390 00:17:57,950 --> 00:17:56,400 but each one of these individual pixel 391 00:18:00,650 --> 00:17:57,960 these little static points are actually 392 00:18:02,570 --> 00:18:00,660 resolved stars in these systems and we 393 00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:02,580 can see that most of the space here is 394 00:18:06,350 --> 00:18:05,220 actually uh empty but then each one of 395 00:18:08,330 --> 00:18:06,360 these little pixels that we're seeing 396 00:18:10,549 --> 00:18:08,340 little granulations from those are 397 00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:10,559 individual stars that live in these in 398 00:18:15,590 --> 00:18:13,200 these uh little communities so we 399 00:18:17,570 --> 00:18:15,600 ourselves live in a galaxy the solar 400 00:18:19,310 --> 00:18:17,580 system lives in a spiral galaxy called 401 00:18:21,169 --> 00:18:19,320 the Milky Way and it doesn't look like 402 00:18:23,510 --> 00:18:21,179 any other Galaxy that we look at because 403 00:18:25,909 --> 00:18:23,520 we're living in it right so it looks 404 00:18:29,270 --> 00:18:25,919 much more spread out into a simple line 405 00:18:31,010 --> 00:18:29,280 and so here is the image that we usually 406 00:18:32,990 --> 00:18:31,020 take from Earth if you're looking up in 407 00:18:35,450 --> 00:18:33,000 the night sky is what you would see and 408 00:18:37,610 --> 00:18:35,460 then below that is going to be a cartoon 409 00:18:40,250 --> 00:18:37,620 of what we think the Milky Way looks 410 00:18:42,650 --> 00:18:40,260 like today and so you can kind of put 411 00:18:44,330 --> 00:18:42,660 yourself in perspective here if we 412 00:18:46,549 --> 00:18:44,340 um how it looks in the image and how it 413 00:18:48,289 --> 00:18:46,559 looks from the cartoon is we can just do 414 00:18:51,049 --> 00:18:48,299 like a 360 415 00:18:52,909 --> 00:18:51,059 around the cartoon and get an idea that 416 00:18:55,430 --> 00:18:52,919 and the entire line that you're seeing 417 00:18:58,730 --> 00:18:55,440 in this image of the Milky Way is 100 or 418 00:19:01,549 --> 00:18:58,740 360 Degrees around us 419 00:19:04,010 --> 00:19:01,559 um and so galaxies uh at the center of 420 00:19:06,049 --> 00:19:04,020 every Galaxy or at almost every Galaxy 421 00:19:08,990 --> 00:19:06,059 but we're pretty sure they're in almost 422 00:19:11,930 --> 00:19:09,000 all of them is a supermassive black hole 423 00:19:13,190 --> 00:19:11,940 and so here is the image of the black 424 00:19:15,650 --> 00:19:13,200 hole this impressive black hole that 425 00:19:18,350 --> 00:19:15,660 lives in the center of our galaxy we've 426 00:19:21,409 --> 00:19:18,360 named it Sagittarius A star because we 427 00:19:23,450 --> 00:19:21,419 like naming them interesting names and 428 00:19:24,770 --> 00:19:23,460 so this is an image 429 00:19:28,490 --> 00:19:24,780 um taken from the Event Horizon 430 00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:28,500 telescope uh not too long ago and so 431 00:19:32,870 --> 00:19:31,080 this is what we um are going to be 432 00:19:35,330 --> 00:19:32,880 focusing on these super massive black 433 00:19:36,409 --> 00:19:35,340 holes that live at the centers of 434 00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:36,419 galaxies 435 00:19:40,970 --> 00:19:39,600 so a lot of every galaxy has one of 436 00:19:42,289 --> 00:19:40,980 these supermassive black holes and so 437 00:19:45,169 --> 00:19:42,299 your question the question would be like 438 00:19:47,150 --> 00:19:45,179 are what is a black hole itself what are 439 00:19:48,590 --> 00:19:47,160 these objects that we have that are 440 00:19:50,990 --> 00:19:48,600 going to be the the basis of this talk 441 00:19:53,990 --> 00:19:51,000 today and so to confirm 442 00:19:56,630 --> 00:19:54,000 um they are not a wormhole they are not 443 00:19:58,250 --> 00:19:56,640 a portal they're not a Time riff they're 444 00:20:01,010 --> 00:19:58,260 not some sort of 445 00:20:04,010 --> 00:20:01,020 um gateway to another dimension it's uh 446 00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:04,020 often you see this sort of like tear in 447 00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:07,080 the space-time Continuum and have people 448 00:20:12,409 --> 00:20:09,120 able to travel through them in science 449 00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:12,419 fiction or and so what we want to 450 00:20:18,289 --> 00:20:14,760 confirm right now is that these things 451 00:20:20,150 --> 00:20:18,299 these black holes are objects all right 452 00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:20,160 they're just like everything else that 453 00:20:25,070 --> 00:20:22,320 you would expect to see in the universe 454 00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:25,080 they're just like planets or horses or 455 00:20:31,430 --> 00:20:28,080 gallons of milk these are objects in the 456 00:20:34,310 --> 00:20:31,440 universe that exist and uh the only real 457 00:20:36,590 --> 00:20:34,320 difference between a black hole and 458 00:20:39,409 --> 00:20:36,600 everything else that exists in the 459 00:20:41,270 --> 00:20:39,419 universe is that black holes are 460 00:20:42,409 --> 00:20:41,280 extremely compact 461 00:20:45,650 --> 00:20:42,419 okay 462 00:20:47,810 --> 00:20:45,660 so uh let's try to come up with some 463 00:20:50,510 --> 00:20:47,820 sort of quantitative or maybe a 464 00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:50,520 qualitative comparison of how compact 465 00:20:56,570 --> 00:20:54,480 black holes are so here's a a picture of 466 00:20:59,150 --> 00:20:56,580 a very massive star this is an a-type 467 00:21:02,750 --> 00:20:59,160 star much more massive than our sun 468 00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:02,760 about eight times the mass of uh the Sun 469 00:21:07,970 --> 00:21:04,799 that we live around in the solar system 470 00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:07,980 and so when a massive star like this 471 00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:09,840 ends its life cycle it's going to 472 00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:12,720 explode and it's going to form a black 473 00:21:17,690 --> 00:21:13,740 hole 474 00:21:19,789 --> 00:21:17,700 this explosion is not going to be the 475 00:21:22,430 --> 00:21:19,799 size of that uh that star it's going to 476 00:21:24,950 --> 00:21:22,440 be much much smaller in fact if we try 477 00:21:27,710 --> 00:21:24,960 to measure what the Event Horizon is or 478 00:21:29,930 --> 00:21:27,720 the the edge of the black hole that we 479 00:21:33,409 --> 00:21:29,940 Define it's going to be about 30 miles 480 00:21:36,350 --> 00:21:33,419 in diameter and so uh for reference 481 00:21:39,529 --> 00:21:36,360 that's maybe the distance to drive 482 00:21:42,190 --> 00:21:39,539 across Rhode Island okay so uh black 483 00:21:45,049 --> 00:21:42,200 holes on the Stellar Mass side are 484 00:21:48,409 --> 00:21:45,059 incredibly small for how much mass is 485 00:21:53,090 --> 00:21:50,930 on the other hand uh we have the 486 00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:53,100 supermassive black hole that is at the 487 00:21:58,549 --> 00:21:55,200 center of most of these galaxies and 488 00:22:01,610 --> 00:21:58,559 they are enormous so this is a two-scale 489 00:22:03,890 --> 00:22:01,620 representation of Sagittarius A star 490 00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:03,900 Sagittarius A star again is the black 491 00:22:08,090 --> 00:22:05,760 hole at the center of our galaxy The 492 00:22:11,390 --> 00:22:08,100 Milky Way and the amount of mass that's 493 00:22:14,810 --> 00:22:11,400 inside of this black hole is more than 4 494 00:22:17,029 --> 00:22:14,820 million times that of the Sun so that's 495 00:22:19,789 --> 00:22:17,039 a huge number and so it's very 496 00:22:22,250 --> 00:22:19,799 surprising then to me that the diameter 497 00:22:25,909 --> 00:22:22,260 of this black hole is only going to be 498 00:22:27,770 --> 00:22:25,919 about 18 of the sizes of the sun 499 00:22:30,110 --> 00:22:27,780 um in diameter so you could stack 18 500 00:22:33,169 --> 00:22:30,120 Suns end to end and that would be the 501 00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:33,179 the diameter of this supermassive black 502 00:22:38,090 --> 00:22:36,120 hole so uh this just gives you both of 503 00:22:40,970 --> 00:22:38,100 these the Stellar Mass black hole and 504 00:22:43,549 --> 00:22:40,980 the supermassive black hole they both 505 00:22:46,190 --> 00:22:43,559 are represented of a very compact 506 00:22:47,510 --> 00:22:46,200 objects that exist in the universe and 507 00:22:50,390 --> 00:22:47,520 to bring it back to the Stellar Mass 508 00:22:53,210 --> 00:22:50,400 black hole just for comparison size here 509 00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:53,220 is the size of Earth right there I had a 510 00:22:57,409 --> 00:22:55,440 flashing pixel down down there that's 511 00:22:59,750 --> 00:22:57,419 the size of Earth in comparison to the 512 00:23:01,549 --> 00:22:59,760 Sun and in comparison to Sagittarius A 513 00:23:03,770 --> 00:23:01,559 star so when we talk about Stellar Mass 514 00:23:07,070 --> 00:23:03,780 black holes and supermassive black holes 515 00:23:09,230 --> 00:23:07,080 uh they are two completely far ends of 516 00:23:11,630 --> 00:23:09,240 the Spectrum in the uh the size and 517 00:23:16,430 --> 00:23:11,640 scope of these objects 518 00:23:18,409 --> 00:23:16,440 so uh the question that I most get as a 519 00:23:21,049 --> 00:23:18,419 astronomer as an astronomer that focuses 520 00:23:24,169 --> 00:23:21,059 on black holes in his career is our 521 00:23:26,450 --> 00:23:24,179 black holes dangerous like are they 522 00:23:28,130 --> 00:23:26,460 gonna hurt us should we be concerned 523 00:23:29,690 --> 00:23:28,140 about black holes 524 00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:29,700 and 525 00:23:34,370 --> 00:23:32,220 what I like to try to tell people is 526 00:23:36,529 --> 00:23:34,380 that well I mean 527 00:23:38,450 --> 00:23:36,539 you could swim with sharks 528 00:23:40,029 --> 00:23:38,460 but that'd be very dangerous instead 529 00:23:42,830 --> 00:23:40,039 maybe the best idea 530 00:23:44,690 --> 00:23:42,840 observe them from a safe distance inside 531 00:23:46,370 --> 00:23:44,700 of a cage and so that you're not even 532 00:23:48,350 --> 00:23:46,380 close to that shark 533 00:23:50,210 --> 00:23:48,360 um in the same vein 534 00:23:52,549 --> 00:23:50,220 uh you could observe you could look at a 535 00:23:54,049 --> 00:23:52,559 volcano laws erupting but if you're 536 00:23:55,850 --> 00:23:54,059 standing right next to a volcano while 537 00:23:57,890 --> 00:23:55,860 it's erupting you're going to have a bad 538 00:24:00,230 --> 00:23:57,900 time so instead what you're going to 539 00:24:02,990 --> 00:24:00,240 want to do is find a safe distance 540 00:24:04,909 --> 00:24:03,000 to observe that volcano and get all the 541 00:24:07,850 --> 00:24:04,919 information that you want while not 542 00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:07,860 being burned up from the volcano 543 00:24:11,690 --> 00:24:10,080 and then so uh if you see where I'm 544 00:24:14,510 --> 00:24:11,700 going with this 545 00:24:16,370 --> 00:24:14,520 um don't be near a black hole when 546 00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:16,380 you're trying to study it all right so 547 00:24:21,409 --> 00:24:19,380 black holes are dangerous objects if you 548 00:24:24,890 --> 00:24:21,419 go too close to them what we can do 549 00:24:26,690 --> 00:24:24,900 though is safely sit on our planet Earth 550 00:24:28,490 --> 00:24:26,700 and look at all of these black holes 551 00:24:30,350 --> 00:24:28,500 that are in space and none of them are 552 00:24:32,690 --> 00:24:30,360 going to bother us they are all at a 553 00:24:35,149 --> 00:24:32,700 very safe distance and viewing them from 554 00:24:37,250 --> 00:24:35,159 a remote location means that they're not 555 00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:37,260 going to bother us at all we're going to 556 00:24:41,330 --> 00:24:38,220 be okay 557 00:24:42,890 --> 00:24:41,340 so that maybe people think that their 558 00:24:44,810 --> 00:24:42,900 these black holes are dangerous because 559 00:24:46,010 --> 00:24:44,820 they think that they're vacuums and 560 00:24:47,570 --> 00:24:46,020 they're going to pull everything in but 561 00:24:49,430 --> 00:24:47,580 it's important to know that black holes 562 00:24:52,250 --> 00:24:49,440 don't suck all right 563 00:24:55,130 --> 00:24:52,260 so um what we could do as kind of like a 564 00:24:57,350 --> 00:24:55,140 thought experiment here is to just take 565 00:24:58,730 --> 00:24:57,360 this is a cartoon of our solar system as 566 00:25:00,590 --> 00:24:58,740 you can see there's the sun in the 567 00:25:03,529 --> 00:25:00,600 center and there's our eight planets 568 00:25:05,870 --> 00:25:03,539 that are surrounding it if we remove the 569 00:25:09,710 --> 00:25:05,880 Sun from our solar system and instead 570 00:25:12,110 --> 00:25:09,720 put in a black hole of equal Mass right 571 00:25:13,789 --> 00:25:12,120 so nothing has changed other than the 572 00:25:16,370 --> 00:25:13,799 sun has come out and a black hole of 573 00:25:17,870 --> 00:25:16,380 equal Mass has meant in its place then 574 00:25:20,090 --> 00:25:17,880 all of the planets are going to continue 575 00:25:21,649 --> 00:25:20,100 orbiting around that black hole as if 576 00:25:25,250 --> 00:25:21,659 nothing happened so they're going to be 577 00:25:26,810 --> 00:25:25,260 happily just orbiting around and since 578 00:25:28,970 --> 00:25:26,820 there's no change in mass at the center 579 00:25:31,130 --> 00:25:28,980 of the solar system uh nothing's going 580 00:25:34,250 --> 00:25:31,140 to be affected in how the orbits 581 00:25:35,930 --> 00:25:34,260 progress although it is true that we are 582 00:25:38,269 --> 00:25:35,940 removing all of the heat that's coming 583 00:25:40,250 --> 00:25:38,279 from the Sun so we're going to have our 584 00:25:42,409 --> 00:25:40,260 own set of problems because there's no 585 00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:42,419 sunlight that's the problem for a 586 00:25:45,649 --> 00:25:44,000 different day 587 00:25:49,610 --> 00:25:45,659 so 588 00:25:51,289 --> 00:25:49,620 um why do black holes then not like 589 00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:51,299 people think that they they suck because 590 00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:54,000 they don't uh emit any photons they're 591 00:25:58,490 --> 00:25:55,919 sucking in even light light can't escape 592 00:26:01,070 --> 00:25:58,500 how does that work and so what I try to 593 00:26:03,169 --> 00:26:01,080 explain that I think about 594 00:26:05,570 --> 00:26:03,179 um a rocket ship and how we try to take 595 00:26:08,750 --> 00:26:05,580 a rocket ship and leave uh the surface 596 00:26:11,330 --> 00:26:08,760 of the Earth all right so here's a very 597 00:26:13,850 --> 00:26:11,340 um basic equation uh where we're just 598 00:26:16,370 --> 00:26:13,860 saying if we try to calculate 599 00:26:18,769 --> 00:26:16,380 the velocity requires to escape the 600 00:26:20,510 --> 00:26:18,779 surface of something we essentially just 601 00:26:23,149 --> 00:26:20,520 need to know the mass of the object 602 00:26:25,370 --> 00:26:23,159 we're trying to escape and also the 603 00:26:28,850 --> 00:26:25,380 distance from the center of that object 604 00:26:30,890 --> 00:26:28,860 so to calculate the escape Velocity uh 605 00:26:33,710 --> 00:26:30,900 if you leave Earth we would just have 606 00:26:37,010 --> 00:26:33,720 the mass of Earth and we divide that by 607 00:26:38,930 --> 00:26:37,020 the the radius of Earth and if we do 608 00:26:40,549 --> 00:26:38,940 that calculation we can see that the 609 00:26:43,190 --> 00:26:40,559 velocity we're that's going to be 610 00:26:45,769 --> 00:26:43,200 required to leave Earth is about 11.2 611 00:26:47,930 --> 00:26:45,779 kilometers per second and I don't know 612 00:26:50,269 --> 00:26:47,940 how fast that is if you ask me to try to 613 00:26:53,269 --> 00:26:50,279 figure out how fast 11.2 kilometers per 614 00:26:56,029 --> 00:26:53,279 second is but we can just say that's how 615 00:26:57,289 --> 00:26:56,039 fast the rocket goes because Rockets 616 00:26:59,390 --> 00:26:57,299 have to be 617 00:27:02,330 --> 00:26:59,400 um reaching this velocity to be able to 618 00:27:05,450 --> 00:27:02,340 escape the gravitational pull of Earth 619 00:27:07,789 --> 00:27:05,460 and to be specific uh a Rocket's not 620 00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:07,799 actually going that velocity it's going 621 00:27:12,409 --> 00:27:10,260 a little bit slower than 11.2 kilometers 622 00:27:14,930 --> 00:27:12,419 per second because we're not trying to 623 00:27:17,870 --> 00:27:14,940 leave Earth's gravitational pull forever 624 00:27:20,090 --> 00:27:17,880 so if you're trying to maybe send a like 625 00:27:22,430 --> 00:27:20,100 a spaceship to another solar system 626 00:27:24,169 --> 00:27:22,440 another Stellar system some exoplanets 627 00:27:26,330 --> 00:27:24,179 or something then we would want to be 628 00:27:28,190 --> 00:27:26,340 going at least 11.2 kilometers per 629 00:27:30,169 --> 00:27:28,200 second but we don't necessarily need to 630 00:27:31,789 --> 00:27:30,179 do that to send something up to like the 631 00:27:33,289 --> 00:27:31,799 moon for instance 632 00:27:34,730 --> 00:27:33,299 so 633 00:27:36,529 --> 00:27:34,740 um that's what escape velocity is for 634 00:27:38,269 --> 00:27:36,539 Earth let's try to think about what 635 00:27:41,330 --> 00:27:38,279 would happen then if we turned Earth 636 00:27:44,149 --> 00:27:41,340 into an earth Mass black hole all right 637 00:27:46,909 --> 00:27:44,159 so the equation stays the same the mass 638 00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:46,919 of Earth stays the same but the distance 639 00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:49,020 that we're using from the center now is 640 00:27:54,169 --> 00:27:51,000 going to be approximately the radius of 641 00:27:56,450 --> 00:27:54,179 a ping pong ball that's how uh large a 642 00:27:59,450 --> 00:27:56,460 black hole would be if it was the uh the 643 00:28:01,909 --> 00:27:59,460 mass of Earth and so if we plug in that 644 00:28:03,710 --> 00:28:01,919 radius for our calculation the required 645 00:28:05,990 --> 00:28:03,720 velocity to escape the black hole is a 646 00:28:08,210 --> 00:28:06,000 trillion kilometers per second again 647 00:28:10,130 --> 00:28:08,220 another number that makes no sense to me 648 00:28:11,990 --> 00:28:10,140 but you can kind of think of it in the 649 00:28:15,529 --> 00:28:12,000 way of comparing to the speed of light 650 00:28:18,590 --> 00:28:15,539 because this is 3 000 times the speed of 651 00:28:20,810 --> 00:28:18,600 light and so therefore that's impossible 652 00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:20,820 like the fastest thing that we know of 653 00:28:25,669 --> 00:28:23,520 in the universe is the photon is the 654 00:28:27,289 --> 00:28:25,679 light particle that is traveling the 655 00:28:30,169 --> 00:28:27,299 speed of light nothing can go faster 656 00:28:33,169 --> 00:28:30,179 than than that so if you have a rocket 657 00:28:34,430 --> 00:28:33,179 on the surface of that black hole it's 658 00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:34,440 not going to leave because there's 659 00:28:37,669 --> 00:28:36,000 nothing that goes that fast even though 660 00:28:41,090 --> 00:28:37,679 the rockets that the photons live in 661 00:28:43,190 --> 00:28:41,100 cannot travel fast enough to escape uh 662 00:28:46,490 --> 00:28:43,200 the gravitational pull of the black hole 663 00:28:49,370 --> 00:28:46,500 and that's why photons are not escaping 664 00:28:52,250 --> 00:28:49,380 from from black holes 665 00:28:55,490 --> 00:28:52,260 so black holes themselves aren't that 666 00:28:57,830 --> 00:28:55,500 scary however when you have stuff coming 667 00:28:59,750 --> 00:28:57,840 in on a collision course 668 00:29:01,610 --> 00:28:59,760 um you're going to have a bad time so 669 00:29:04,250 --> 00:29:01,620 when here's an example of a star that's 670 00:29:07,010 --> 00:29:04,260 getting too close to a black hole and 671 00:29:09,350 --> 00:29:07,020 it's getting pulled apart shredded and 672 00:29:11,690 --> 00:29:09,360 you have all of this debris forming 673 00:29:13,250 --> 00:29:11,700 around the black holes parts of it are 674 00:29:15,950 --> 00:29:13,260 strewn around but they're coming back 675 00:29:17,930 --> 00:29:15,960 they're going to be coming in to form a 676 00:29:21,049 --> 00:29:17,940 sort of a disc of debris that's 677 00:29:23,570 --> 00:29:21,059 surrounding this black hole and so when 678 00:29:25,909 --> 00:29:23,580 we create these debris discs astronomers 679 00:29:29,930 --> 00:29:25,919 call this kind of disk an accretion disk 680 00:29:32,450 --> 00:29:29,940 so accretion is a word for like eating 681 00:29:34,909 --> 00:29:32,460 um and so the black hole is eating this 682 00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:34,919 matter from the star or from a gas lane 683 00:29:38,510 --> 00:29:37,020 or whatever and it starts spinning 684 00:29:39,889 --> 00:29:38,520 around the black hole and as it's 685 00:29:42,230 --> 00:29:39,899 spinning around that black hole it's 686 00:29:44,389 --> 00:29:42,240 spiraling down the drain it's heating up 687 00:29:46,190 --> 00:29:44,399 so if you rub your hands together your 688 00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:46,200 hands get warm and so you can imagine 689 00:29:50,450 --> 00:29:48,960 that the dust and the gas and the debris 690 00:29:52,490 --> 00:29:50,460 that's spitting around this black hole 691 00:29:55,310 --> 00:29:52,500 is rubbing its hands together so fast 692 00:29:59,269 --> 00:29:55,320 that it doesn't produce just Heats but 693 00:30:01,909 --> 00:29:59,279 also UV rays x-rays gamma rays to a 694 00:30:04,850 --> 00:30:01,919 flood of radiation and so when we have 695 00:30:06,889 --> 00:30:04,860 this situation go on around a 696 00:30:09,470 --> 00:30:06,899 supermassive black hole at the center of 697 00:30:12,350 --> 00:30:09,480 a galaxy we form an event which is 698 00:30:15,169 --> 00:30:12,360 called an active Galactic nucleus and 699 00:30:19,730 --> 00:30:15,179 for short we just call that an AGN 700 00:30:22,010 --> 00:30:19,740 and AGN are uh the monsters then the the 701 00:30:24,350 --> 00:30:22,020 giant dumpster fires that we're trying 702 00:30:26,210 --> 00:30:24,360 to understand that are wrecking the 703 00:30:27,889 --> 00:30:26,220 environments that they live in 704 00:30:30,529 --> 00:30:27,899 so 705 00:30:32,510 --> 00:30:30,539 um all of that UV and X-ray and gamma 706 00:30:34,669 --> 00:30:32,520 ray radiation is flooding out from 707 00:30:37,789 --> 00:30:34,679 around this accretion disk 708 00:30:40,010 --> 00:30:37,799 um and they're extremely energetic so 709 00:30:43,850 --> 00:30:40,020 what can we do like I tried to come up 710 00:30:46,190 --> 00:30:43,860 with a way to again quantify the amount 711 00:30:47,269 --> 00:30:46,200 of energy that's coming out from an 712 00:30:49,850 --> 00:30:47,279 average 713 00:30:52,250 --> 00:30:49,860 um or even like a low end supermassive 714 00:30:55,190 --> 00:30:52,260 black hole so I I did a calculation for 715 00:30:56,870 --> 00:30:55,200 like one of my my favorite nearby lower 716 00:30:58,610 --> 00:30:56,880 Luminosity 717 00:31:00,950 --> 00:30:58,620 um supermassive black holes the active 718 00:31:04,010 --> 00:31:00,960 galaxies and I figured okay you have an 719 00:31:05,870 --> 00:31:04,020 atomic bomb that makes sense so let's 720 00:31:07,970 --> 00:31:05,880 have how many atomic bombs do we need 721 00:31:10,730 --> 00:31:07,980 and so it turns out that if you took an 722 00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:10,740 atomic bomb for every grain of sand on 723 00:31:15,470 --> 00:31:12,960 earth and you detonated it at the same 724 00:31:16,909 --> 00:31:15,480 time that's not enough you're not going 725 00:31:19,850 --> 00:31:16,919 to create even close to what you need 726 00:31:22,610 --> 00:31:19,860 from uh to create the energy coming from 727 00:31:26,769 --> 00:31:22,620 an AGN instead what you need to do is 728 00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:26,779 create a hundred and sixty thousand 729 00:31:32,990 --> 00:31:30,960 Earths and duplicate them to get all of 730 00:31:36,409 --> 00:31:33,000 the sand from those Earths and then turn 731 00:31:38,510 --> 00:31:36,419 all of that sand into atomic bombs and 732 00:31:40,370 --> 00:31:38,520 if you detonate all of that at the same 733 00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:40,380 time then you're creating the energy 734 00:31:47,149 --> 00:31:44,360 that's coming from a AGN uh per second 735 00:31:49,970 --> 00:31:47,159 so the amount of energy that's coming 736 00:31:53,269 --> 00:31:49,980 out of these things is enormous it's 737 00:31:55,370 --> 00:31:53,279 just crazy big and so the question then 738 00:31:58,549 --> 00:31:55,380 is if there's all of this energy that's 739 00:32:00,710 --> 00:31:58,559 coming from this very small object and 740 00:32:03,950 --> 00:32:00,720 the accretion disk surrounding it like 741 00:32:06,110 --> 00:32:03,960 uh what does that energy do 742 00:32:08,029 --> 00:32:06,120 and so 743 00:32:11,330 --> 00:32:08,039 um to come up with a kind of a 744 00:32:14,090 --> 00:32:11,340 comparison uh like with some thing that 745 00:32:16,549 --> 00:32:14,100 is not necessarily astronomy related I 746 00:32:19,130 --> 00:32:16,559 was watching the show uh Chernobyl and 747 00:32:22,669 --> 00:32:19,140 so this is a show on HBO uh spoiler 748 00:32:24,590 --> 00:32:22,679 alert Chernobyl explodes and so there 749 00:32:27,049 --> 00:32:24,600 there's a scene where there's a lot of 750 00:32:28,549 --> 00:32:27,059 folks watching from a great distance uh 751 00:32:29,690 --> 00:32:28,559 and they're looking at the explosion and 752 00:32:31,730 --> 00:32:29,700 they can see that there's this bright 753 00:32:34,970 --> 00:32:31,740 blue beam of light that's shooting up 754 00:32:36,889 --> 00:32:34,980 from the um where the disaster is 755 00:32:38,690 --> 00:32:36,899 happening and they're saying wow it's so 756 00:32:40,730 --> 00:32:38,700 beautiful and so what's happening in 757 00:32:43,310 --> 00:32:40,740 this situation is that the radiation 758 00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:43,320 that's coming from the reactor meltdown 759 00:32:48,529 --> 00:32:46,140 is flooding up into the atmosphere and 760 00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:48,539 it's frying the air molecules either 761 00:32:53,330 --> 00:32:51,600 it's stripping electrons off of the air 762 00:32:56,210 --> 00:32:53,340 the atoms that are up there and it's 763 00:32:59,450 --> 00:32:56,220 called ionization and so uh I'm pretty 764 00:33:01,430 --> 00:32:59,460 sure it's blue then because the most gas 765 00:33:04,190 --> 00:33:01,440 that is in our atmosphere is nitrogen 766 00:33:05,990 --> 00:33:04,200 and so the blue color is coming from the 767 00:33:08,029 --> 00:33:06,000 majority of the gas being nitrogen and 768 00:33:09,529 --> 00:33:08,039 that's the color that is well it's going 769 00:33:12,830 --> 00:33:09,539 to be it's gonna be most dominant in the 770 00:33:15,649 --> 00:33:12,840 ionized gas of our atmosphere so you can 771 00:33:18,169 --> 00:33:15,659 see then or have an idea that the only 772 00:33:21,590 --> 00:33:18,179 way you can create this this glowing gas 773 00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:21,600 is if you expose that gas to an enormous 774 00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:23,940 source of radiation 775 00:33:31,370 --> 00:33:28,559 so we see then a similar process 776 00:33:32,330 --> 00:33:31,380 um happening in all of the AGM that we 777 00:33:36,049 --> 00:33:32,340 look at 778 00:33:38,750 --> 00:33:36,059 so here's a nearby active Galaxy uh and 779 00:33:40,190 --> 00:33:38,760 we can zoom in to where the the nucleus 780 00:33:42,470 --> 00:33:40,200 is 781 00:33:46,970 --> 00:33:42,480 um and so we can take a and so 782 00:33:49,730 --> 00:33:46,980 um here is then a picture using the uh 783 00:33:51,289 --> 00:33:49,740 Muse Cube Muse field so this is what 784 00:33:53,870 --> 00:33:51,299 Frank was talking about earlier this 785 00:33:56,750 --> 00:33:53,880 cutout is the muse field uh for this 786 00:33:59,990 --> 00:33:56,760 specific Galaxy and then we can look at 787 00:34:02,210 --> 00:34:00,000 the individual uh colors of the ionized 788 00:34:04,970 --> 00:34:02,220 gas the fry gas in here to kind of see 789 00:34:07,130 --> 00:34:04,980 the impact that the AGN is having on its 790 00:34:09,589 --> 00:34:07,140 host Galaxy so when we turn that filter 791 00:34:13,190 --> 00:34:09,599 on we can see that there's this really 792 00:34:15,349 --> 00:34:13,200 beautiful biconical or hourglass shape 793 00:34:17,270 --> 00:34:15,359 that's happening here and this is the 794 00:34:20,149 --> 00:34:17,280 due to the same process where you're 795 00:34:22,609 --> 00:34:20,159 having radiation coming from that 796 00:34:26,030 --> 00:34:22,619 Central black hole flooding out into the 797 00:34:27,589 --> 00:34:26,040 system and uh frying that gas so here's 798 00:34:29,810 --> 00:34:27,599 kind of a cartoon that I helped put 799 00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:29,820 together at Goddard 800 00:34:34,909 --> 00:34:32,280 um where yeah so the the AGN is shining 801 00:34:37,550 --> 00:34:34,919 out into the host disk and it's kind of 802 00:34:39,290 --> 00:34:37,560 acting like a flashlight of Doom where 803 00:34:42,050 --> 00:34:39,300 all of the radiation that's coming out 804 00:34:43,849 --> 00:34:42,060 from the the central engine is frying 805 00:34:45,950 --> 00:34:43,859 anything in its path that it runs into 806 00:34:49,129 --> 00:34:45,960 and so that's what you're producing then 807 00:34:51,950 --> 00:34:49,139 you're kind of producing uh this this 808 00:34:54,169 --> 00:34:51,960 flashlight effect of where all the gas 809 00:34:56,570 --> 00:34:54,179 that's being impacted by the radiation 810 00:34:59,750 --> 00:34:56,580 from the central engine so we can also 811 00:35:02,750 --> 00:34:59,760 kind of uh figure out the impact uh of 812 00:35:05,270 --> 00:35:02,760 that radiation if we look at the what we 813 00:35:07,910 --> 00:35:05,280 call the kinematics of that gas using 814 00:35:10,370 --> 00:35:07,920 this Muse ifu data Cube where we're 815 00:35:13,370 --> 00:35:10,380 having Imaging but also Spectra so to 816 00:35:14,870 --> 00:35:13,380 just um talk about how we analyze that 817 00:35:16,430 --> 00:35:14,880 data we're just going to step into 818 00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:16,440 talking about the Doppler effect real 819 00:35:22,490 --> 00:35:18,960 quick so the Doppler effect is where you 820 00:35:24,710 --> 00:35:22,500 have a shift of a frequency due to some 821 00:35:26,810 --> 00:35:24,720 sort of velocity occurring so we have an 822 00:35:28,910 --> 00:35:26,820 ambulance in this example the ambulance 823 00:35:31,310 --> 00:35:28,920 is making a noise the ambulance is not 824 00:35:33,230 --> 00:35:31,320 moving anywhere so the sound that is 825 00:35:34,849 --> 00:35:33,240 heard by the people in front and behind 826 00:35:36,010 --> 00:35:34,859 the ambulance is going to be the same 827 00:35:38,770 --> 00:35:36,020 frequency 828 00:35:41,630 --> 00:35:38,780 alternatively if you have that ambulance 829 00:35:43,910 --> 00:35:41,640 traveling at a specific velocity the 830 00:35:46,130 --> 00:35:43,920 wavelengths in front of the ambulance 831 00:35:48,589 --> 00:35:46,140 are going to be squished together and 832 00:35:51,650 --> 00:35:48,599 create a higher frequency whereas the 833 00:35:53,690 --> 00:35:51,660 way the wavelengths behind the ambulance 834 00:35:57,230 --> 00:35:53,700 are going to be stretched apart creating 835 00:35:58,550 --> 00:35:57,240 a lower frequency so the best way to do 836 00:36:00,190 --> 00:35:58,560 it is just think about like a race car 837 00:36:02,569 --> 00:36:00,200 coming towards you 838 00:36:04,490 --> 00:36:02,579 right so it's a higher pitched sound 839 00:36:07,550 --> 00:36:04,500 coming towards you lower pitch sound 840 00:36:10,190 --> 00:36:07,560 going away and so we can apply that same 841 00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:10,200 effect with light 842 00:36:14,870 --> 00:36:12,060 so if we have a light bulb and the light 843 00:36:17,630 --> 00:36:14,880 bulb is giving off photons if that light 844 00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:17,640 bulb isn't moving anywhere the photons 845 00:36:20,990 --> 00:36:19,020 that we're seeing on either end are 846 00:36:23,390 --> 00:36:21,000 going to be the same wavelength and I'm 847 00:36:25,670 --> 00:36:23,400 saying green for this example but if we 848 00:36:28,250 --> 00:36:25,680 have that light bulb uh having a 849 00:36:30,170 --> 00:36:28,260 specific velocity uh the wavelengths 850 00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:30,180 then gets squished together or spread 851 00:36:35,569 --> 00:36:32,760 out and so if it's squished together we 852 00:36:37,970 --> 00:36:35,579 see a Bluer wavelength and if it's 853 00:36:40,849 --> 00:36:37,980 stretched out we see a redder wavelength 854 00:36:42,530 --> 00:36:40,859 and so these are called Blue shifts when 855 00:36:44,630 --> 00:36:42,540 the light becomes Bluer it's shifted 856 00:36:46,310 --> 00:36:44,640 toward the blue end of the spectrum and 857 00:36:48,890 --> 00:36:46,320 when it's traveling and being spread out 858 00:36:50,569 --> 00:36:48,900 we call that the red shift or it's being 859 00:36:51,770 --> 00:36:50,579 shifted into the redder end of the 860 00:36:55,130 --> 00:36:51,780 spectrum 861 00:36:57,829 --> 00:36:55,140 okay so we can use that idea of blue 862 00:36:59,630 --> 00:36:57,839 shifts and redshifts um to equip 863 00:37:01,609 --> 00:36:59,640 ourselves to understand the data that 864 00:37:04,430 --> 00:37:01,619 we're going to look at right now then so 865 00:37:07,010 --> 00:37:04,440 we go back to our Muse cube of this 866 00:37:10,069 --> 00:37:07,020 active Galaxy and we can look at the 867 00:37:13,250 --> 00:37:10,079 velocity of the gas and we see that most 868 00:37:16,670 --> 00:37:13,260 of the gas here is orbiting the center 869 00:37:18,650 --> 00:37:16,680 of the Galaxy so what overall this is is 870 00:37:21,770 --> 00:37:18,660 a big rotating 871 00:37:24,349 --> 00:37:21,780 um bike wheel if you will so that the 872 00:37:26,990 --> 00:37:24,359 bottom right hand field is rotating 873 00:37:30,170 --> 00:37:27,000 towards us and then the upper left hand 874 00:37:32,569 --> 00:37:30,180 corner is excuse me rotating away from 875 00:37:34,790 --> 00:37:32,579 us so the the foreground of the Galaxy 876 00:37:37,010 --> 00:37:34,800 is to the bottom left and then the 877 00:37:40,310 --> 00:37:37,020 background of the Galaxy is to the upper 878 00:37:42,170 --> 00:37:40,320 right so this is most of the gas that's 879 00:37:45,109 --> 00:37:42,180 happening in the Galaxy this is gas that 880 00:37:46,849 --> 00:37:45,119 is maybe attributed to stars that are in 881 00:37:49,849 --> 00:37:46,859 the host plane that are rotating around 882 00:37:52,430 --> 00:37:49,859 but then we can also isolate just what 883 00:37:55,550 --> 00:37:52,440 the ionized gas is doing the gas that is 884 00:37:57,109 --> 00:37:55,560 being died by the active Galaxy and we 885 00:38:00,349 --> 00:37:57,119 can see what's happening with those 886 00:38:05,089 --> 00:38:00,359 kinematics as well and so we see then 887 00:38:08,390 --> 00:38:05,099 here the AGN is driving the ionized gas 888 00:38:11,569 --> 00:38:08,400 out of the Galaxy so instead of our 889 00:38:13,430 --> 00:38:11,579 rotation curve here now what we have is 890 00:38:15,829 --> 00:38:13,440 a radial motion which means it's going 891 00:38:19,370 --> 00:38:15,839 from the center traveling out like along 892 00:38:21,290 --> 00:38:19,380 a radius or a spoke and in a wheel and 893 00:38:23,630 --> 00:38:21,300 so you can see that the gas the fried 894 00:38:26,810 --> 00:38:23,640 gas in the upper right hand corner is 895 00:38:30,349 --> 00:38:26,820 being driven toward us uh and then the 896 00:38:32,630 --> 00:38:30,359 gas in the bottom left is being is red 897 00:38:35,329 --> 00:38:32,640 shifted and being driven away from us so 898 00:38:37,490 --> 00:38:35,339 what you kind of have Happening Here is 899 00:38:40,370 --> 00:38:37,500 the flashlight is running into that 900 00:38:42,410 --> 00:38:40,380 plane of the Galaxy and then the gas is 901 00:38:44,569 --> 00:38:42,420 running into that and then kind of 902 00:38:47,150 --> 00:38:44,579 hitting a dense patch and maybe popping 903 00:38:49,130 --> 00:38:47,160 up uh and splashing upwards so you guys 904 00:38:51,230 --> 00:38:49,140 can maybe think about like that movie 905 00:38:53,870 --> 00:38:51,240 with The Little Mermaid and she's on the 906 00:38:56,390 --> 00:38:53,880 Rock and she's singing and the wave 907 00:38:58,609 --> 00:38:56,400 comes crashing up behind her 908 00:39:01,910 --> 00:38:58,619 um because the wave has hit that hard 909 00:39:03,710 --> 00:39:01,920 dense medium and is splashing up uh to 910 00:39:06,470 --> 00:39:03,720 create that 911 00:39:08,270 --> 00:39:06,480 um that displacement out of the plane 912 00:39:11,510 --> 00:39:08,280 and so that's what we're kind of seeing 913 00:39:13,069 --> 00:39:11,520 then with this gas being driven out of 914 00:39:14,329 --> 00:39:13,079 the plane of the Galaxy 915 00:39:15,530 --> 00:39:14,339 and so 916 00:39:18,170 --> 00:39:15,540 um 917 00:39:20,750 --> 00:39:18,180 besides also noticing what the redshift 918 00:39:23,630 --> 00:39:20,760 and blue shift of the Galaxy uh the gas 919 00:39:27,109 --> 00:39:23,640 is we can actually measure the velocity 920 00:39:29,329 --> 00:39:27,119 of this gas and so when we look at how 921 00:39:31,609 --> 00:39:29,339 much how red shifted or blue shifted 922 00:39:34,790 --> 00:39:31,619 that gas is we can measure that the gas 923 00:39:37,430 --> 00:39:34,800 is traveling roughly 300 kilometers per 924 00:39:38,870 --> 00:39:37,440 second and typically it can be greater 925 00:39:41,290 --> 00:39:38,880 than that and so what that really 926 00:39:44,450 --> 00:39:41,300 converts to another giant number it's 927 00:39:47,390 --> 00:39:44,460 670 miles an hour but 928 00:39:49,390 --> 00:39:47,400 um more for my human brain it's like 929 00:39:52,069 --> 00:39:49,400 you're traveling from Seattle to Miami 930 00:39:54,109 --> 00:39:52,079 along roads hoping there's no traffic 931 00:39:57,109 --> 00:39:54,119 and you're going to arrive there in a 932 00:40:01,069 --> 00:39:57,119 little under 18 seconds so you can kind 933 00:40:03,530 --> 00:40:01,079 of Imagine then that this gas is not 934 00:40:05,450 --> 00:40:03,540 very pleasant it's ionized it's it's 935 00:40:08,030 --> 00:40:05,460 frying the heck out of whatever it's the 936 00:40:10,010 --> 00:40:08,040 touching the radiation is and then it's 937 00:40:13,190 --> 00:40:10,020 also sweeping everything up and driving 938 00:40:14,690 --> 00:40:13,200 it out uh at bullet train speeds faster 939 00:40:15,890 --> 00:40:14,700 than bullet train right it's 18 seconds 940 00:40:17,089 --> 00:40:15,900 it's crazy 941 00:40:21,829 --> 00:40:17,099 so 942 00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:21,839 these monsters then is that you see 943 00:40:25,310 --> 00:40:23,760 these beautiful pictures that we're 944 00:40:27,710 --> 00:40:25,320 always looking at in this ionized gas 945 00:40:30,230 --> 00:40:27,720 and it's very similar to me as looking 946 00:40:32,030 --> 00:40:30,240 at hurricanes from space and you're 947 00:40:34,250 --> 00:40:32,040 looking at them and you're saying Wow 948 00:40:37,010 --> 00:40:34,260 nature is glorious nature is beautiful 949 00:40:40,490 --> 00:40:37,020 but then if you're living in that 950 00:40:41,630 --> 00:40:40,500 hurricane it is the worst so the same 951 00:40:44,329 --> 00:40:41,640 thing would be happening if we're living 952 00:40:45,890 --> 00:40:44,339 in an active Galaxy there's tons of 953 00:40:48,710 --> 00:40:45,900 radiation that would be pelting our 954 00:40:50,329 --> 00:40:48,720 atmosphere and lots of winds that are 955 00:40:52,310 --> 00:40:50,339 traveling and blowing everything away 956 00:40:55,790 --> 00:40:52,320 and blowing our atmosphere probably away 957 00:40:57,950 --> 00:40:55,800 so we'd be having just the worst time if 958 00:41:00,109 --> 00:40:57,960 we're living in this beautiful light 959 00:41:03,530 --> 00:41:00,119 Echo that we're seeing in these galaxies 960 00:41:07,670 --> 00:41:03,540 so this is why we consider them the 961 00:41:10,910 --> 00:41:07,680 monsters of the universe that they are 962 00:41:13,430 --> 00:41:10,920 so the question then is these things 963 00:41:15,170 --> 00:41:13,440 well we've confirmed I I believe that 964 00:41:17,510 --> 00:41:15,180 these are monsters 965 00:41:19,970 --> 00:41:17,520 um and so how do these AGN affect their 966 00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:19,980 galaxies and we're still trying to 967 00:41:23,990 --> 00:41:22,260 figure that out right so I mean we have 968 00:41:26,450 --> 00:41:24,000 a general understanding of what's going 969 00:41:28,430 --> 00:41:26,460 on here but we're not really sure how 970 00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:28,440 it's impacting the host galaxies what 971 00:41:34,190 --> 00:41:31,500 kind of effects does this have and so um 972 00:41:36,410 --> 00:41:34,200 to try to understand how it's affecting 973 00:41:38,690 --> 00:41:36,420 a Galaxy we need to know how stars form 974 00:41:40,849 --> 00:41:38,700 in a galaxy so here's a picture of the 975 00:41:44,810 --> 00:41:40,859 Orion Nebula and we're doing a fly 976 00:41:46,670 --> 00:41:44,820 through of a video that was created 977 00:41:49,310 --> 00:41:46,680 um to kind of simulate what the Orion 978 00:41:51,349 --> 00:41:49,320 Nebula looks like and as we're traveling 979 00:41:54,770 --> 00:41:51,359 through we can see that all of this gas 980 00:41:56,750 --> 00:41:54,780 has formed on itself and compressed down 981 00:41:59,810 --> 00:41:56,760 and when you have enough gas it's going 982 00:42:01,490 --> 00:41:59,820 to ignite the fusion into stars and you 983 00:42:04,670 --> 00:42:01,500 form all of these Stars which eventually 984 00:42:07,069 --> 00:42:04,680 blow away the Cocoon of of gas to reveal 985 00:42:10,670 --> 00:42:07,079 themselves but the point here is that 986 00:42:16,010 --> 00:42:10,680 you need all of this gas to form stars 987 00:42:19,790 --> 00:42:16,020 in a galaxy so uh AGN then kind of 988 00:42:22,790 --> 00:42:19,800 affects how stars form all right because 989 00:42:26,930 --> 00:42:22,800 the winds are interacting with that star 990 00:42:30,710 --> 00:42:26,940 farming material so the way that I 991 00:42:34,010 --> 00:42:30,720 connect what's happening in a Galaxy to 992 00:42:36,349 --> 00:42:34,020 my brain is then by trying to compare it 993 00:42:39,589 --> 00:42:36,359 to maybe what the um 994 00:42:41,089 --> 00:42:39,599 the the physics that you see in a sink 995 00:42:42,530 --> 00:42:41,099 at home when you turn the faucet on 996 00:42:44,450 --> 00:42:42,540 right so you turn the faucet on 997 00:42:47,450 --> 00:42:44,460 sometimes you have this water that's 998 00:42:49,010 --> 00:42:47,460 hitting the bottom of the sink and uh it 999 00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:49,020 pushes it outward until you get to this 1000 00:42:54,530 --> 00:42:51,480 like ring this barrier where this 1001 00:42:55,730 --> 00:42:54,540 pressure Ridge or whatever and so uh 1002 00:42:58,609 --> 00:42:55,740 both of these 1003 00:43:02,089 --> 00:42:58,619 um both AGM and this faucet situation 1004 00:43:04,550 --> 00:43:02,099 have the two forms of feedback that I I 1005 00:43:06,829 --> 00:43:04,560 think are are important for us to try to 1006 00:43:10,490 --> 00:43:06,839 understand how galaxies evolve over time 1007 00:43:13,609 --> 00:43:10,500 the first one being that AGN can remove 1008 00:43:16,190 --> 00:43:13,619 gas at small radii to prevent star 1009 00:43:17,870 --> 00:43:16,200 formation so you have these winds that 1010 00:43:19,849 --> 00:43:17,880 are traveling the radiation is running 1011 00:43:23,750 --> 00:43:19,859 into the gas and it's pushing it outward 1012 00:43:26,450 --> 00:43:23,760 uh and removing any sort of uh gas that 1013 00:43:28,309 --> 00:43:26,460 exists at the small radii and that means 1014 00:43:29,990 --> 00:43:28,319 you're preventing 1015 00:43:31,670 --> 00:43:30,000 um future stars from forming because 1016 00:43:34,069 --> 00:43:31,680 you're removing the nurseries or you're 1017 00:43:36,470 --> 00:43:34,079 not allowing any gas to exist there from 1018 00:43:38,210 --> 00:43:36,480 Star which stars conform from and so 1019 00:43:41,210 --> 00:43:38,220 what we call this is a we call it a 1020 00:43:43,190 --> 00:43:41,220 negative uh feedback scenario where 1021 00:43:44,809 --> 00:43:43,200 we're removing the potential for Star 1022 00:43:48,410 --> 00:43:44,819 formation 1023 00:43:50,510 --> 00:43:48,420 um also at greater distances uh the wind 1024 00:43:53,329 --> 00:43:50,520 the driving effect is not going to be as 1025 00:43:55,970 --> 00:43:53,339 powerful in these uh galaxies and what 1026 00:43:58,849 --> 00:43:55,980 we are then seeing potentially is that 1027 00:44:01,430 --> 00:43:58,859 the gas is being pushed together and so 1028 00:44:04,670 --> 00:44:01,440 that is being compressed 1029 00:44:05,930 --> 00:44:04,680 um at greater radiant greater radii and 1030 00:44:08,690 --> 00:44:05,940 then when you're compressing the gas 1031 00:44:10,670 --> 00:44:08,700 you're kind of giving the Stellar 1032 00:44:12,410 --> 00:44:10,680 nurseries like a head start or pressing 1033 00:44:14,690 --> 00:44:12,420 like Fast Forward right because you're 1034 00:44:17,870 --> 00:44:14,700 pushing the gas together and making it 1035 00:44:20,809 --> 00:44:17,880 easier for those stars to form 1036 00:44:23,030 --> 00:44:20,819 um at later ethics so when you're then 1037 00:44:27,230 --> 00:44:23,040 promoting star formation this is called 1038 00:44:30,829 --> 00:44:27,240 a positive uh feedback situation 1039 00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:30,839 so um we're trying to understand both 1040 00:44:35,990 --> 00:44:32,700 the positive and the negative feedback 1041 00:44:37,670 --> 00:44:36,000 situations and we're going to be using 1042 00:44:39,770 --> 00:44:37,680 James Webb James Webb is fantastic for 1043 00:44:42,650 --> 00:44:39,780 revealing the New Dimensions or several 1044 00:44:44,450 --> 00:44:42,660 New Dimensions of agnostronomy 1045 00:44:46,430 --> 00:44:44,460 um and so we can just talk about real 1046 00:44:48,290 --> 00:44:46,440 quickly what those dimensions are but 1047 00:44:49,970 --> 00:44:48,300 Frank did a very nice job of uh 1048 00:44:52,309 --> 00:44:49,980 summarizing some of them earlier as well 1049 00:44:55,490 --> 00:44:52,319 so I might be repeating uh him a little 1050 00:44:58,250 --> 00:44:55,500 bit here but uh the first one is that 1051 00:45:00,410 --> 00:44:58,260 we're seeing a new dimension of space 1052 00:45:02,809 --> 00:45:00,420 all right so 1053 00:45:06,290 --> 00:45:02,819 um nearby galaxies if they're emitting 1054 00:45:09,050 --> 00:45:06,300 light in the optical we Hubble got you 1055 00:45:10,910 --> 00:45:09,060 Hubble can see that a mission from these 1056 00:45:14,089 --> 00:45:10,920 nearby active galaxies in the optical 1057 00:45:17,870 --> 00:45:14,099 and we've learned so so much about how 1058 00:45:19,609 --> 00:45:17,880 active galaxies regular galaxies 1059 00:45:22,970 --> 00:45:19,619 um anything in the nearby universe 1060 00:45:25,069 --> 00:45:22,980 happens to operate in the optical but as 1061 00:45:27,410 --> 00:45:25,079 you go to Greater distances away from 1062 00:45:30,890 --> 00:45:27,420 Earth the universe is always expanding 1063 00:45:32,750 --> 00:45:30,900 and again that Doppler shift comes into 1064 00:45:35,390 --> 00:45:32,760 play whereas everything is expanding 1065 00:45:37,730 --> 00:45:35,400 away from us that light that once was in 1066 00:45:40,550 --> 00:45:37,740 the optical is now shifted to the 1067 00:45:43,970 --> 00:45:40,560 infrared so we can't observe these more 1068 00:45:46,250 --> 00:45:43,980 distant galaxies in the same way with 1069 00:45:48,410 --> 00:45:46,260 Hubble as we're looking at the galaxies 1070 00:45:51,170 --> 00:45:48,420 in the nearby Universe we can't do a 1071 00:45:53,270 --> 00:45:51,180 one-to-one comparison so if we include 1072 00:45:55,430 --> 00:45:53,280 observations from the James Webb Space 1073 00:45:58,130 --> 00:45:55,440 Telescope we're now able to be more 1074 00:46:01,550 --> 00:45:58,140 sensitive to the infrared light that has 1075 00:46:03,770 --> 00:46:01,560 been redshifted and is representative of 1076 00:46:05,750 --> 00:46:03,780 the optical light that is coming from 1077 00:46:07,990 --> 00:46:05,760 the more nearby galaxies and now we're 1078 00:46:11,930 --> 00:46:08,000 able to have that one-to-one comparison 1079 00:46:14,329 --> 00:46:11,940 to see how do how does the universe 1080 00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:14,339 change from these greater distances to 1081 00:46:19,130 --> 00:46:16,680 the more nearby Universe well this one 1082 00:46:20,930 --> 00:46:19,140 has more emission of this hydrogen line 1083 00:46:23,569 --> 00:46:20,940 that we see 1084 00:46:25,609 --> 00:46:23,579 um then at the galaxies that are nearer 1085 00:46:27,470 --> 00:46:25,619 nearer to us right so we're able to make 1086 00:46:29,690 --> 00:46:27,480 this comparison 1087 00:46:32,750 --> 00:46:29,700 um between the optical nearby universe 1088 00:46:34,910 --> 00:46:32,760 and the infrared uh Universe at greater 1089 00:46:37,309 --> 00:46:34,920 distances 1090 00:46:39,109 --> 00:46:37,319 um additionally another dimension that 1091 00:46:41,809 --> 00:46:39,119 um James Webb provides us is just 1092 00:46:43,790 --> 00:46:41,819 wavelength space so this is uh also from 1093 00:46:46,609 --> 00:46:43,800 that fangs project 1094 00:46:48,770 --> 00:46:46,619 um showing this NGC 7469 and what we're 1095 00:46:50,450 --> 00:46:48,780 doing is we're blinking between the 1096 00:46:52,069 --> 00:46:50,460 optical and the Hubble Imaging and then 1097 00:46:55,069 --> 00:46:52,079 the glowing red 1098 00:46:57,530 --> 00:46:55,079 um here is the dust that's glowing in 1099 00:46:59,630 --> 00:46:57,540 the infrared so it's providing as Frank 1100 00:47:01,790 --> 00:46:59,640 had mentioned earlier this additional 1101 00:47:03,589 --> 00:47:01,800 Dimension to these galaxies so we 1102 00:47:06,109 --> 00:47:03,599 understand it in the optical light 1103 00:47:08,030 --> 00:47:06,119 what's happening with this ionized gas 1104 00:47:09,650 --> 00:47:08,040 what's happening with the light 1105 00:47:10,970 --> 00:47:09,660 um being from coming from the fried gas 1106 00:47:14,510 --> 00:47:10,980 but we have very little information 1107 00:47:16,790 --> 00:47:14,520 about the cold uh molecular gas that's 1108 00:47:18,589 --> 00:47:16,800 in these galaxies so with the infrared 1109 00:47:20,870 --> 00:47:18,599 light coming from uh James Webb 1110 00:47:23,390 --> 00:47:20,880 observations we're able to have more 1111 00:47:26,450 --> 00:47:23,400 puzzle pieces to put together to tell 1112 00:47:27,650 --> 00:47:26,460 that story to be what you guess I guess 1113 00:47:29,270 --> 00:47:27,660 you could be like a gumshoe or a 1114 00:47:30,650 --> 00:47:29,280 detective where you're Gathering all 1115 00:47:32,690 --> 00:47:30,660 these different clues for the same 1116 00:47:34,910 --> 00:47:32,700 Target using different wavelengths 1117 00:47:37,730 --> 00:47:34,920 different wave bands so you come up with 1118 00:47:39,230 --> 00:47:37,740 a coherent cohesive story of what's 1119 00:47:40,670 --> 00:47:39,240 happening in each of these nearby 1120 00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:40,680 galaxies 1121 00:47:43,490 --> 00:47:42,060 and then 1122 00:47:45,710 --> 00:47:43,500 um the other dimension that Hubble is 1123 00:47:47,630 --> 00:47:45,720 bringing us again uh as Frank had 1124 00:47:49,670 --> 00:47:47,640 mentioned is resolution so this is pre 1125 00:47:51,770 --> 00:47:49,680 there was a previous Spitzer image here 1126 00:47:54,170 --> 00:47:51,780 and then we were able to transition to 1127 00:47:57,230 --> 00:47:54,180 what James Webb brings up uh us now so 1128 00:47:59,510 --> 00:47:57,240 James Webb has a much larger mirror and 1129 00:48:02,030 --> 00:47:59,520 so we're going to be able to pick up 1130 00:48:03,770 --> 00:48:02,040 much finer resolution imaging and 1131 00:48:06,650 --> 00:48:03,780 additionally since it is a larger mirror 1132 00:48:10,069 --> 00:48:06,660 we're also collecting more photons per 1133 00:48:11,870 --> 00:48:10,079 observation uh hour so we're going to be 1134 00:48:13,490 --> 00:48:11,880 able to collect more photons and then 1135 00:48:15,470 --> 00:48:13,500 have a sharper image of where those 1136 00:48:17,329 --> 00:48:15,480 photons are coming from thanks to the 1137 00:48:18,829 --> 00:48:17,339 James Webb observations 1138 00:48:24,410 --> 00:48:18,839 so 1139 00:48:30,890 --> 00:48:27,410 um what does that mean for me like what 1140 00:48:33,290 --> 00:48:30,900 do I do with James Webb with AGN like 1141 00:48:35,390 --> 00:48:33,300 how are am I involved in all of this 1142 00:48:39,109 --> 00:48:35,400 well so what I'm trying to understand 1143 00:48:40,550 --> 00:48:39,119 then is how the ionize gas that we're 1144 00:48:42,470 --> 00:48:40,560 looking at in all of these previous 1145 00:48:43,790 --> 00:48:42,480 observations 1146 00:48:45,650 --> 00:48:43,800 um right now I'm really interested in 1147 00:48:49,730 --> 00:48:45,660 how they're aligned with the radio 1148 00:48:51,349 --> 00:48:49,740 emission so radio is still light it's at 1149 00:48:53,690 --> 00:48:51,359 the far end of the electromagnetic 1150 00:48:56,270 --> 00:48:53,700 spectrum and we're seeing that the radio 1151 00:48:59,510 --> 00:48:56,280 structure which is the blue contour maps 1152 00:49:01,250 --> 00:48:59,520 uh in this slide is related to the fried 1153 00:49:03,650 --> 00:49:01,260 ionized gas that I was talking about 1154 00:49:06,890 --> 00:49:03,660 earlier which is the Green in this slide 1155 00:49:09,109 --> 00:49:06,900 and so often in AGN we see them aligned 1156 00:49:10,849 --> 00:49:09,119 but there are also these really 1157 00:49:13,670 --> 00:49:10,859 beautiful 1158 00:49:15,950 --> 00:49:13,680 um radio loud galaxies that have these 1159 00:49:18,410 --> 00:49:15,960 magnificent Jets so you can see that the 1160 00:49:21,470 --> 00:49:18,420 Galaxy is kind of perpendicular to this 1161 00:49:24,890 --> 00:49:21,480 very beam-like structure here and so 1162 00:49:27,470 --> 00:49:24,900 folks are seeing these radio gets and 1163 00:49:29,809 --> 00:49:27,480 then they see the radio structures in 1164 00:49:31,730 --> 00:49:29,819 these other AGN these other 1165 00:49:34,730 --> 00:49:31,740 um these less magnificent ones and they 1166 00:49:38,510 --> 00:49:34,740 say are these processes related 1167 00:49:40,190 --> 00:49:38,520 um and so what I am not so sure of is 1168 00:49:41,990 --> 00:49:40,200 whether they are related I think that 1169 00:49:44,510 --> 00:49:42,000 they might be due to different processes 1170 00:49:46,790 --> 00:49:44,520 so when we're looking at 1171 00:49:49,130 --> 00:49:46,800 um active galaxies that aren't that 1172 00:49:52,250 --> 00:49:49,140 don't have those magnificent plumes of 1173 00:49:54,230 --> 00:49:52,260 radio we often see that the radio 1174 00:49:56,809 --> 00:49:54,240 structure is aligned with the ionized 1175 00:49:59,329 --> 00:49:56,819 gas and here's a train of many different 1176 00:50:01,550 --> 00:49:59,339 papers that compare uh the maps are 1177 00:50:04,430 --> 00:50:01,560 often the ionized gas and the Contours 1178 00:50:07,550 --> 00:50:04,440 are the radio data and we always see the 1179 00:50:10,550 --> 00:50:07,560 radio data that is intertwined with the 1180 00:50:13,970 --> 00:50:10,560 ionized gas here and so what's that 1181 00:50:17,030 --> 00:50:13,980 suggesting to me is that the radio 1182 00:50:19,550 --> 00:50:17,040 structure is always in the plane of the 1183 00:50:21,230 --> 00:50:19,560 host Galaxy because that's where the 1184 00:50:23,630 --> 00:50:21,240 ionized gas is coming from it's being 1185 00:50:27,230 --> 00:50:23,640 its molecular gas lanes that are being 1186 00:50:29,450 --> 00:50:27,240 lit up by that flashlight of Doom and so 1187 00:50:31,490 --> 00:50:29,460 if the radio structure is along where 1188 00:50:33,410 --> 00:50:31,500 that flashlight of Doom structure is 1189 00:50:34,790 --> 00:50:33,420 that means that the radio always has to 1190 00:50:37,790 --> 00:50:34,800 be in the plane of the Galaxy which 1191 00:50:39,290 --> 00:50:37,800 would be weird if it was just a jet a 1192 00:50:41,690 --> 00:50:39,300 plume that could be any individual 1193 00:50:44,329 --> 00:50:41,700 inclination so what I'm testing right 1194 00:50:47,150 --> 00:50:44,339 now is that the radio structure that 1195 00:50:49,309 --> 00:50:47,160 we're seeing might actually be due to 1196 00:50:51,770 --> 00:50:49,319 the winds that are launched from that 1197 00:50:53,690 --> 00:50:51,780 active galaxy in the center slamming 1198 00:50:55,790 --> 00:50:53,700 into dense medium that can no longer 1199 00:50:57,410 --> 00:50:55,800 drive out away from the center of the 1200 00:50:59,030 --> 00:50:57,420 Galaxy and when you have these high 1201 00:51:01,430 --> 00:50:59,040 velocity winds that we talked about 1202 00:51:03,410 --> 00:51:01,440 earlier traveling hundreds to thousands 1203 00:51:05,210 --> 00:51:03,420 of kilometers per second they slam into 1204 00:51:08,210 --> 00:51:05,220 this dense molecular gas that it can't 1205 00:51:10,069 --> 00:51:08,220 drive anymore and it creates a shock 1206 00:51:12,349 --> 00:51:10,079 that's very similar to what you'd see in 1207 00:51:14,150 --> 00:51:12,359 like a supernova Remnant and so what 1208 00:51:17,150 --> 00:51:14,160 you're seeing then are just the Galaxy 1209 00:51:19,309 --> 00:51:17,160 scale Supernova remnants that are 1210 00:51:21,230 --> 00:51:19,319 producing this radio structure that 1211 00:51:23,990 --> 00:51:21,240 looks like those plumes that we see in 1212 00:51:25,970 --> 00:51:24,000 some of these other AGM so that kind of 1213 00:51:27,650 --> 00:51:25,980 brings us back to the beginning then 1214 00:51:29,630 --> 00:51:27,660 um so that I had this picture of a 1215 00:51:32,569 --> 00:51:29,640 Galaxy at the beginning of the talk and 1216 00:51:35,270 --> 00:51:32,579 what's going on uh with that is that we 1217 00:51:38,210 --> 00:51:35,280 are planning to observe this target uh 1218 00:51:40,250 --> 00:51:38,220 with James Webb uh later this month I'm 1219 00:51:43,130 --> 00:51:40,260 super excited um so this is a very 1220 00:51:45,950 --> 00:51:43,140 nearby Galaxy that has these radio 1221 00:51:48,710 --> 00:51:45,960 plumes going on here and I want to test 1222 00:51:50,630 --> 00:51:48,720 whether the radio structure these blue 1223 00:51:53,150 --> 00:51:50,640 this blue s-shaped structure that you're 1224 00:51:55,730 --> 00:51:53,160 seeing here lies along where that 1225 00:51:57,349 --> 00:51:55,740 glowing dust is and the Imaging that we 1226 00:52:00,049 --> 00:51:57,359 taught we showed earlier so we're going 1227 00:52:01,549 --> 00:52:00,059 to compare the blue structure here with 1228 00:52:04,849 --> 00:52:01,559 the emission that we're seeing from the 1229 00:52:08,089 --> 00:52:04,859 James Webb infrared cameras to show that 1230 00:52:10,010 --> 00:52:08,099 again the radio structure is in the 1231 00:52:12,349 --> 00:52:10,020 plane of the host disk because what's 1232 00:52:14,569 --> 00:52:12,359 probably happening is that the winds are 1233 00:52:17,569 --> 00:52:14,579 launching outward shocking the material 1234 00:52:20,630 --> 00:52:17,579 in the host Galaxy and producing this 1235 00:52:23,870 --> 00:52:20,640 what looks like a plume or a jet 1236 00:52:25,630 --> 00:52:23,880 um but it's actually just a giant uh 1237 00:52:28,910 --> 00:52:25,640 Galaxy size 1238 00:52:33,049 --> 00:52:28,920 supernova-esque remnant 1239 00:52:36,290 --> 00:52:33,059 so um to wrap up uh Asian are dangerous 1240 00:52:38,510 --> 00:52:36,300 are we in danger uh and I would just 1241 00:52:41,870 --> 00:52:38,520 like to dissuade you from being nervous 1242 00:52:44,809 --> 00:52:41,880 because uh we've seen that the Milky Way 1243 00:52:48,710 --> 00:52:44,819 had an active period about 2.6 million 1244 00:52:50,569 --> 00:52:48,720 years ago and that uh the evidence of 1245 00:52:52,609 --> 00:52:50,579 this active period is highlighted by 1246 00:52:55,250 --> 00:52:52,619 these high energy bubbles that are 1247 00:52:56,930 --> 00:52:55,260 driven perpendicular from the host 1248 00:52:58,370 --> 00:52:56,940 Galaxy 1249 00:53:01,309 --> 00:52:58,380 um that is that line that we looked at 1250 00:53:04,010 --> 00:53:01,319 earlier so here's kind of an animation 1251 00:53:06,410 --> 00:53:04,020 of what's Happening Here Right so here 1252 00:53:08,270 --> 00:53:06,420 again the the radiation field that's 1253 00:53:09,829 --> 00:53:08,280 coming from the active Galactic nucleus 1254 00:53:12,290 --> 00:53:09,839 in the center is pointed out of the 1255 00:53:14,030 --> 00:53:12,300 plane of the Galaxy and we're probably 1256 00:53:16,549 --> 00:53:14,040 not going to have to deal with any of 1257 00:53:18,890 --> 00:53:16,559 the massive amounts of radiation that 1258 00:53:20,290 --> 00:53:18,900 would be pouring out of it as is pointed 1259 00:53:24,230 --> 00:53:20,300 out of the plane so we're probably 1260 00:53:26,030 --> 00:53:24,240 relatively safe so uh with that I thank 1261 00:53:27,530 --> 00:53:26,040 you so much for your time and I'd love 1262 00:53:30,589 --> 00:53:27,540 to answer any questions that you have 1263 00:53:36,710 --> 00:53:33,410 all right thank you very much Travis 1264 00:53:39,349 --> 00:53:36,720 that was a I don't know probably the 1265 00:53:41,150 --> 00:53:39,359 most active talk that we've ever seen I 1266 00:53:43,370 --> 00:53:41,160 guess on active galaxies is going to do 1267 00:53:45,470 --> 00:53:43,380 but you use more Transitions and 1268 00:53:48,109 --> 00:53:45,480 animations and such than anybody else to 1269 00:53:50,329 --> 00:53:48,119 do so big Applause for that that was 1270 00:53:53,809 --> 00:53:50,339 extremely well prepared 1271 00:53:57,470 --> 00:53:53,819 so I get to ask the first question 1272 00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:57,480 um and my first question for you is um 1273 00:54:01,849 --> 00:53:59,280 let's let's get into this 1274 00:54:04,970 --> 00:54:01,859 active galaxies as to how long they 1275 00:54:07,069 --> 00:54:04,980 remain active okay and and so like it's 1276 00:54:09,290 --> 00:54:07,079 just sort of two questions in one is 1277 00:54:11,750 --> 00:54:09,300 that that um you know you say that the 1278 00:54:15,230 --> 00:54:11,760 Milky Way is not active now but it used 1279 00:54:19,010 --> 00:54:15,240 to be active Okay so at any one time 1280 00:54:21,109 --> 00:54:19,020 what percentage of galaxies are active 1281 00:54:23,569 --> 00:54:21,119 um and that's sort of related to how 1282 00:54:25,670 --> 00:54:23,579 long does a Galaxy remain active once it 1283 00:54:27,710 --> 00:54:25,680 becomes active uh what what what what 1284 00:54:31,010 --> 00:54:27,720 percentage of its lifetime is it an 1285 00:54:33,349 --> 00:54:31,020 active Galaxy right so galaxies are 1286 00:54:35,450 --> 00:54:33,359 active and it's not because they don't 1287 00:54:37,490 --> 00:54:35,460 just turn on necessarily there has to be 1288 00:54:39,170 --> 00:54:37,500 a reason that the material is funneling 1289 00:54:40,849 --> 00:54:39,180 into that supermassive black hole like 1290 00:54:44,390 --> 00:54:40,859 that star that was traveling toward the 1291 00:54:46,970 --> 00:54:44,400 black hole it wasn't just on a happy 1292 00:54:49,309 --> 00:54:46,980 path it was probably flung there from a 1293 00:54:51,589 --> 00:54:49,319 binary system or some reason to be flung 1294 00:54:54,470 --> 00:54:51,599 out of its orbit toward that black hole 1295 00:54:57,170 --> 00:54:54,480 so um galaxies often under undergo 1296 00:54:58,670 --> 00:54:57,180 mergers or there's maybe some sort of uh 1297 00:55:01,609 --> 00:54:58,680 stream of gas that's coming from a 1298 00:55:03,829 --> 00:55:01,619 neighboring Galaxy see that falls in to 1299 00:55:05,809 --> 00:55:03,839 activate the supermassive black hole at 1300 00:55:06,770 --> 00:55:05,819 the center of the Galaxy and so we see 1301 00:55:09,349 --> 00:55:06,780 that 1302 00:55:11,150 --> 00:55:09,359 um often it's only a few percent of all 1303 00:55:14,390 --> 00:55:11,160 of the millions of galaxies that we know 1304 00:55:17,030 --> 00:55:14,400 of are active at any given time and 1305 00:55:21,829 --> 00:55:17,040 um we're not really sure how long an 1306 00:55:23,750 --> 00:55:21,839 active period in an AGN lasts I I don't 1307 00:55:27,230 --> 00:55:23,760 know if I've ever seen one ever turn on 1308 00:55:29,750 --> 00:55:27,240 or turn off necessarily but they should 1309 00:55:31,490 --> 00:55:29,760 last uh we we think that they last like 1310 00:55:33,049 --> 00:55:31,500 a couple hundred thousand years at a 1311 00:55:35,690 --> 00:55:33,059 time 1312 00:55:39,250 --> 00:55:35,700 um so but yes I've never seen one turn 1313 00:55:44,150 --> 00:55:41,809 so nobody just sort of flips the switch 1314 00:55:45,890 --> 00:55:44,160 and says okay you're now active and then 1315 00:55:47,510 --> 00:55:45,900 all right that's right hey I need I need 1316 00:55:50,230 --> 00:55:47,520 some it's some quiet over here stop 1317 00:55:52,370 --> 00:55:50,240 being active yeah we're done yeah 1318 00:55:55,250 --> 00:55:52,380 I wish you could do that with your kids 1319 00:56:01,549 --> 00:55:58,010 so uh Grant justice has been monitoring 1320 00:56:03,890 --> 00:56:01,559 the chat we've had in ex excellent chat 1321 00:56:06,530 --> 00:56:03,900 here uh thing Grant is going to join us 1322 00:56:08,510 --> 00:56:06,540 and pull some questions from that chat 1323 00:56:10,250 --> 00:56:08,520 for you what have you got for us tonight 1324 00:56:12,470 --> 00:56:10,260 Grant 1325 00:56:14,329 --> 00:56:12,480 um first before I begin the questions I 1326 00:56:16,010 --> 00:56:14,339 have to say flashlight of Doom is the 1327 00:56:17,630 --> 00:56:16,020 best descriptor I've ever heard in a 1328 00:56:21,770 --> 00:56:17,640 public lecture series 1329 00:56:24,230 --> 00:56:21,780 so it's not a guitar a plus a plus 1330 00:56:25,730 --> 00:56:24,240 all right um so first question starting 1331 00:56:28,370 --> 00:56:25,740 off um 1332 00:56:31,250 --> 00:56:28,380 do supermassive black holes behave 1333 00:56:33,349 --> 00:56:31,260 differently from quote unquote regular 1334 00:56:35,329 --> 00:56:33,359 black holes because they were formed 1335 00:56:38,569 --> 00:56:35,339 through a different process 1336 00:56:40,910 --> 00:56:38,579 well uh we don't know how supermassive 1337 00:56:43,849 --> 00:56:40,920 black holes form so 1338 00:56:45,049 --> 00:56:43,859 um it would be uh a good question or a 1339 00:56:46,370 --> 00:56:45,059 good answer to figure out first of all 1340 00:56:49,490 --> 00:56:46,380 but 1341 00:56:53,569 --> 00:56:49,500 um no uh any black hole essentially has 1342 00:56:55,730 --> 00:56:53,579 a mast a mass and a spin how much it's 1343 00:56:57,290 --> 00:56:55,740 spinning and I think that no matter the 1344 00:57:00,109 --> 00:56:57,300 mass of that black hole those are the 1345 00:57:02,030 --> 00:57:00,119 two parameters that we really only we 1346 00:57:04,190 --> 00:57:02,040 know about the black hole so I mean 1347 00:57:07,670 --> 00:57:04,200 there's been a lot of work to try to 1348 00:57:10,010 --> 00:57:07,680 understand so you see like the Stellar 1349 00:57:12,650 --> 00:57:10,020 Mass black holes are often eating 1350 00:57:14,870 --> 00:57:12,660 material from a binary star system so 1351 00:57:16,849 --> 00:57:14,880 it's a black hole uh and a star 1352 00:57:18,410 --> 00:57:16,859 companion and so it's eating the 1353 00:57:20,329 --> 00:57:18,420 material off of that Stellar companion 1354 00:57:22,309 --> 00:57:20,339 and creating an accretion disk and 1355 00:57:24,470 --> 00:57:22,319 there's material flying off of it and we 1356 00:57:27,109 --> 00:57:24,480 try we want to be able to relate that to 1357 00:57:29,569 --> 00:57:27,119 what we see in AGN but it just hasn't 1358 00:57:30,849 --> 00:57:29,579 clicked so far so it's just the 1359 00:57:33,170 --> 00:57:30,859 environment is just a little different 1360 00:57:35,930 --> 00:57:33,180 between the two 1361 00:57:38,030 --> 00:57:35,940 um that we can't really compare the 1362 00:57:40,970 --> 00:57:38,040 science that's going on between them 1363 00:57:41,990 --> 00:57:40,980 but they are relatively the same object 1364 00:57:44,150 --> 00:57:42,000 right 1365 00:57:46,010 --> 00:57:44,160 and uh if I remember my graduate school 1366 00:57:48,650 --> 00:57:46,020 work there were three parameters that 1367 00:57:51,530 --> 00:57:48,660 black hole could have a mass Spin and 1368 00:57:53,750 --> 00:57:51,540 charge but they're so they're so large 1369 00:57:55,970 --> 00:57:53,760 that they generally would never ever get 1370 00:57:58,549 --> 00:57:55,980 an A positive or electric or negative 1371 00:58:01,870 --> 00:57:58,559 electric charge it would all balance out 1372 00:58:07,130 --> 00:58:04,549 gotcha um so at the beginning you 1373 00:58:09,950 --> 00:58:07,140 mentioned that black holes are very much 1374 00:58:13,910 --> 00:58:09,960 not as you would expect from the 1375 00:58:18,230 --> 00:58:13,920 Hollywood depiction per se but what does 1376 00:58:20,329 --> 00:58:18,240 happen to time near or in per se a black 1377 00:58:21,770 --> 00:58:20,339 hole I mean you knew it was coming you 1378 00:58:23,030 --> 00:58:21,780 knew come on Travis you know that 1379 00:58:27,910 --> 00:58:23,040 questions like this are going to be are 1380 00:58:31,849 --> 00:58:27,920 out there yeah I mean I don't 1381 00:58:34,790 --> 00:58:31,859 I don't know probably like I I so fair 1382 00:58:37,069 --> 00:58:34,800 answer though yeah so like but I mean 1383 00:58:40,309 --> 00:58:37,079 it's just because of my inexperience 1384 00:58:42,230 --> 00:58:40,319 with it because I deal ideally like I go 1385 00:58:45,170 --> 00:58:42,240 to these conferences uh looking at 1386 00:58:47,089 --> 00:58:45,180 active Galactic nuclei and there's uh a 1387 00:58:48,650 --> 00:58:47,099 whole spectrum of people that start from 1388 00:58:50,690 --> 00:58:48,660 the very center where there's the black 1389 00:58:52,789 --> 00:58:50,700 hole and the accretion disk and then 1390 00:58:57,049 --> 00:58:52,799 there's like the around that is a big 1391 00:58:59,270 --> 00:58:57,059 Dusty Taurus and then past that is like 1392 00:59:01,190 --> 00:58:59,280 maybe like the high energy people and 1393 00:59:02,809 --> 00:59:01,200 then I'm way out here that's looking at 1394 00:59:05,750 --> 00:59:02,819 like the winds interacting with the host 1395 00:59:08,030 --> 00:59:05,760 Galaxy and what that's doing and so even 1396 00:59:10,849 --> 00:59:08,040 though we're all the same like 1397 00:59:12,650 --> 00:59:10,859 astronomers I don't know what's going on 1398 00:59:14,870 --> 00:59:12,660 like I don't have the answers for what's 1399 00:59:17,150 --> 00:59:14,880 going on down there because I just I'm 1400 00:59:19,130 --> 00:59:17,160 not ever talking about it enough so I I 1401 00:59:20,690 --> 00:59:19,140 don't have the the brilliant answer for 1402 00:59:22,849 --> 00:59:20,700 that 1403 00:59:24,230 --> 00:59:22,859 there it's a highly specialized field of 1404 00:59:26,510 --> 00:59:24,240 study 1405 00:59:27,470 --> 00:59:26,520 there are many different facets so all 1406 00:59:29,870 --> 00:59:27,480 right 1407 00:59:31,910 --> 00:59:29,880 um go home and cry that I'm not a 1408 00:59:34,309 --> 00:59:31,920 customer I should be there are no 1409 00:59:36,230 --> 00:59:34,319 they're they're folks who specialize in 1410 00:59:38,510 --> 00:59:36,240 trying to tell the public what a black 1411 00:59:40,490 --> 00:59:38,520 hole is like you know uh the one thing I 1412 00:59:43,730 --> 00:59:40,500 remember from uh all these discussions 1413 00:59:45,890 --> 00:59:43,740 is supermassive black holes is that the 1414 00:59:48,230 --> 00:59:45,900 um the sword shield radius is so large 1415 00:59:50,210 --> 00:59:48,240 it's solar system size that's that your 1416 00:59:51,890 --> 00:59:50,220 spaceship passing through this where 1417 00:59:54,589 --> 00:59:51,900 it's passing in through the Event 1418 00:59:57,109 --> 00:59:54,599 Horizon wouldn't really be as you know 1419 00:59:59,030 --> 00:59:57,119 stretched out as it would be you know um 1420 01:00:03,049 --> 00:59:59,040 working with a stellar Mass black hole 1421 01:00:04,250 --> 01:00:03,059 the uh that the field is is as much much 1422 01:00:06,530 --> 01:00:04,260 more spread 1423 01:00:08,930 --> 01:00:06,540 I don't know it's it's still intense but 1424 01:00:11,510 --> 01:00:08,940 it's it's the the the tidal forces 1425 01:00:13,130 --> 01:00:11,520 aren't as strong right yeah 1426 01:00:14,030 --> 01:00:13,140 that's all I remember 1427 01:00:16,730 --> 01:00:14,040 okay 1428 01:00:19,250 --> 01:00:16,740 gotcha I would say um to the user who 1429 01:00:21,530 --> 01:00:19,260 asked I think your name was you too 1430 01:00:23,510 --> 01:00:21,540 um just go ahead and check some of our 1431 01:00:24,950 --> 01:00:23,520 other public lectures we've had quite a 1432 01:00:26,990 --> 01:00:24,960 few on this and I'm from the more 1433 01:00:30,770 --> 01:00:27,000 knowledgeable astronomers go find them 1434 01:00:33,470 --> 01:00:30,780 and no someone who specializes in that 1435 01:00:35,990 --> 01:00:33,480 particular section of black hole study 1436 01:00:38,109 --> 01:00:36,000 hahaha don't apologize for having a 1437 01:00:39,890 --> 01:00:38,119 specialty it's a good thing 1438 01:00:42,650 --> 01:00:39,900 all right 1439 01:00:44,690 --> 01:00:42,660 um have we observed any agns that are 1440 01:00:47,089 --> 01:00:44,700 ending an active period and becoming 1441 01:00:49,789 --> 01:00:47,099 inactive 1442 01:00:51,049 --> 01:00:49,799 okay so yeah you sort of caught that oh 1443 01:00:52,730 --> 01:00:51,059 we kind of covered that a little bit 1444 01:00:56,390 --> 01:00:52,740 more in the beginning that's so yes 1445 01:01:01,849 --> 01:00:59,030 like these light Echoes right so the 1446 01:01:03,530 --> 01:01:01,859 radiation is traveling at the speed of 1447 01:01:06,289 --> 01:01:03,540 light it can't go any faster than that 1448 01:01:08,630 --> 01:01:06,299 so you can see uh some Galaxies have 1449 01:01:11,030 --> 01:01:08,640 these radiation these ionization the 1450 01:01:13,130 --> 01:01:11,040 flashlight is still on at Great 1451 01:01:15,950 --> 01:01:13,140 distances but the AGN has turned off 1452 01:01:18,230 --> 01:01:15,960 since then and so at smaller distances 1453 01:01:20,630 --> 01:01:18,240 the flashlight is off right so you see 1454 01:01:22,430 --> 01:01:20,640 we call them four Works 1455 01:01:23,990 --> 01:01:22,440 um so the radiation has run out is 1456 01:01:26,150 --> 01:01:24,000 running through the host Galaxy or 1457 01:01:27,950 --> 01:01:26,160 whatever it's running into but the AGN 1458 01:01:30,890 --> 01:01:27,960 is now off so there's like it's just 1459 01:01:32,270 --> 01:01:30,900 this cloud of ionized gas by itself 1460 01:01:35,030 --> 01:01:32,280 that's 1461 01:01:37,430 --> 01:01:35,040 um because the AGN has turned off 1462 01:01:39,710 --> 01:01:37,440 okay so that bring that begs the 1463 01:01:41,870 --> 01:01:39,720 question is how do we know that the I 1464 01:01:44,030 --> 01:01:41,880 mean we we see the the bubbles in the 1465 01:01:46,250 --> 01:01:44,040 Milky Way how do we know it was 2.6 1466 01:01:48,250 --> 01:01:46,260 million years ago 1467 01:01:51,829 --> 01:01:48,260 um for the the yeah 1468 01:01:54,710 --> 01:01:51,839 I'm not sure I I was touching base with 1469 01:01:56,510 --> 01:01:54,720 some folks about that 1470 01:01:58,910 --> 01:01:56,520 um but I think it might just be the 1471 01:02:00,890 --> 01:01:58,920 energetics and the required velocity 1472 01:02:03,589 --> 01:02:00,900 that things are traveling um to create 1473 01:02:04,910 --> 01:02:03,599 to puff up that bubble at the velocities 1474 01:02:07,970 --> 01:02:04,920 that they're traveling now you would 1475 01:02:12,170 --> 01:02:07,980 require require you to walk back 2.6 1476 01:02:17,870 --> 01:02:15,530 valid okay 1477 01:02:21,170 --> 01:02:17,880 um so 1478 01:02:23,270 --> 01:02:21,180 you had mentioned radio structures uh at 1479 01:02:25,970 --> 01:02:23,280 the very end of your talk what 1480 01:02:28,549 --> 01:02:25,980 frequencies Do You observe those at and 1481 01:02:37,250 --> 01:02:28,559 what about radio emissions from Galactic 1482 01:02:40,930 --> 01:02:39,370 I'd have to go 1483 01:02:45,109 --> 01:02:40,940 26.63. 1484 01:02:50,630 --> 01:02:47,510 but I mean is this really to things like 1485 01:02:53,450 --> 01:02:50,640 Hercules a or you you mentioned physical 1486 01:02:57,950 --> 01:02:53,460 Galaxy okay got it so 1487 01:03:02,450 --> 01:02:59,750 I mean that's the image of Centaurus a 1488 01:03:05,569 --> 01:03:02,460 you have these radio Jets and radio Jets 1489 01:03:10,190 --> 01:03:05,579 come from are prominent in what are 1490 01:03:12,170 --> 01:03:10,200 called radio loud AGN so while AGN only 1491 01:03:15,170 --> 01:03:12,180 are a few percentage of all of the 1492 01:03:17,569 --> 01:03:15,180 galaxies in the universe radio loud AGN 1493 01:03:19,910 --> 01:03:17,579 are only a few percentage of all of the 1494 01:03:21,230 --> 01:03:19,920 AGN in the universe and so you have 1495 01:03:24,049 --> 01:03:21,240 these environments where you're 1496 01:03:26,270 --> 01:03:24,059 producing these very long plumes these 1497 01:03:29,030 --> 01:03:26,280 jets these radio Jets have relativistic 1498 01:03:30,890 --> 01:03:29,040 plasma this stuff is traveling almost 1499 01:03:33,890 --> 01:03:30,900 the suite of light and you can measure 1500 01:03:36,049 --> 01:03:33,900 like the Vlog traveling at these 1501 01:03:38,870 --> 01:03:36,059 relativistic speeds when we observe them 1502 01:03:42,230 --> 01:03:38,880 over time and so the point that I was 1503 01:03:44,210 --> 01:03:42,240 trying to make then is that uh in a lot 1504 01:03:46,670 --> 01:03:44,220 of these radio quiet AGN which is the 1505 01:03:50,750 --> 01:03:46,680 majority of AGM that we study we also 1506 01:03:52,910 --> 01:03:50,760 see radio structures and so uh folks see 1507 01:03:55,789 --> 01:03:52,920 these elongated radio structures and 1508 01:03:57,829 --> 01:03:55,799 they say boom that is also a jet because 1509 01:03:59,930 --> 01:03:57,839 I know what a jet looks like and it 1510 01:04:03,770 --> 01:03:59,940 looks like that so 1511 01:04:06,950 --> 01:04:03,780 um but what I'm trying to uh 1512 01:04:09,109 --> 01:04:06,960 show or confirm or find evidence to deny 1513 01:04:10,370 --> 01:04:09,119 I mean this we're just testing it out is 1514 01:04:12,829 --> 01:04:10,380 to 1515 01:04:15,530 --> 01:04:12,839 find out if that radio structure is not 1516 01:04:17,450 --> 01:04:15,540 a jet it's actually a shock process 1517 01:04:19,250 --> 01:04:17,460 similar to what you're seeing in the 1518 01:04:21,049 --> 01:04:19,260 Supernova remnants okay so you have the 1519 01:04:22,730 --> 01:04:21,059 winds that are running out from the 1520 01:04:25,430 --> 01:04:22,740 center of the Galaxy they're running 1521 01:04:27,650 --> 01:04:25,440 into host disk material shocking it and 1522 01:04:30,049 --> 01:04:27,660 producing that radio structure as kind 1523 01:04:33,890 --> 01:04:30,059 of like a splash along the edge of that 1524 01:04:36,589 --> 01:04:33,900 dense molecular gasoline so the a 1525 01:04:38,809 --> 01:04:36,599 general hypothesis or test would be if 1526 01:04:42,530 --> 01:04:38,819 these aren't due to winds running into 1527 01:04:45,470 --> 01:04:42,540 material there should be these jets in 1528 01:04:47,930 --> 01:04:45,480 these radio quiet AGN that are traveling 1529 01:04:49,970 --> 01:04:47,940 at this at angles that are not aligned 1530 01:04:52,910 --> 01:04:49,980 with the host disk but every single 1531 01:04:54,910 --> 01:04:52,920 Galaxy that I've looked at that um that 1532 01:04:57,770 --> 01:04:54,920 we've I showed in that train of images 1533 01:05:00,829 --> 01:04:57,780 always shows that the radio structure is 1534 01:05:02,270 --> 01:05:00,839 aligned with the ionized fried gas which 1535 01:05:04,309 --> 01:05:02,280 means that it's always in the plane of 1536 01:05:07,670 --> 01:05:04,319 the Galaxy so 1537 01:05:09,650 --> 01:05:07,680 um NGC 2663 is an elliptical galaxy I'm 1538 01:05:11,329 --> 01:05:09,660 presuming it's radio loud and it doesn't 1539 01:05:13,849 --> 01:05:11,339 have any sort of has to be running into 1540 01:05:16,549 --> 01:05:13,859 and it probably has a pencil beam radio 1541 01:05:18,770 --> 01:05:16,559 Jet and that is not the same then as 1542 01:05:21,289 --> 01:05:18,780 what we're seeing in a majority of these 1543 01:05:23,329 --> 01:05:21,299 AGN and so why is that important because 1544 01:05:25,130 --> 01:05:23,339 then we can start measuring the amount 1545 01:05:26,690 --> 01:05:25,140 the the distance at which positive 1546 01:05:29,990 --> 01:05:26,700 feedback where you're compressing that 1547 01:05:32,870 --> 01:05:30,000 gas the maximum amount of uh the maximum 1548 01:05:35,089 --> 01:05:32,880 radius at which positive feedback exists 1549 01:05:37,789 --> 01:05:35,099 and so this is just helping us 1550 01:05:40,670 --> 01:05:37,799 understand the overall picture of radio 1551 01:05:43,069 --> 01:05:40,680 agent feedback then by knowing that it's 1552 01:05:44,990 --> 01:05:43,079 not a jet invoking a jet but it actually 1553 01:05:46,730 --> 01:05:45,000 is a byproduct of the Winds interacting 1554 01:05:48,589 --> 01:05:46,740 with the host Galaxy 1555 01:05:50,030 --> 01:05:48,599 right and and we should make sure that 1556 01:05:52,309 --> 01:05:50,040 our audience understands that elliptical 1557 01:05:55,069 --> 01:05:52,319 galaxies generally have very little gas 1558 01:05:56,809 --> 01:05:55,079 and dust right in them so that it can't 1559 01:05:59,329 --> 01:05:56,819 run into stuff all right that doesn't 1560 01:06:01,010 --> 01:05:59,339 have it uh and so versus the spiral 1561 01:06:04,010 --> 01:06:01,020 galaxies which would be more what you're 1562 01:06:05,690 --> 01:06:04,020 studying that's right so yes most of 1563 01:06:08,270 --> 01:06:05,700 these radio loud galaxies are the 1564 01:06:10,309 --> 01:06:08,280 elliptical galaxies which are red and 1565 01:06:11,870 --> 01:06:10,319 dead there's not a lot of gas that 1566 01:06:14,450 --> 01:06:11,880 what's behind me here is a spiral galaxy 1567 01:06:16,609 --> 01:06:14,460 so you got lots of blue stars happening 1568 01:06:19,789 --> 01:06:16,619 here a lot of young star formation a lot 1569 01:06:22,370 --> 01:06:19,799 of gas to form Stars ellipticals have uh 1570 01:06:24,170 --> 01:06:22,380 have little to no gas in them and so all 1571 01:06:26,270 --> 01:06:24,180 the stars are just the smoldering Embers 1572 01:06:27,710 --> 01:06:26,280 of the low mass stars that still exist 1573 01:06:31,130 --> 01:06:27,720 there 1574 01:06:34,390 --> 01:06:31,140 all right uh Grant what else have we got 1575 01:06:38,569 --> 01:06:34,400 from the chat here tonight 1576 01:06:40,609 --> 01:06:38,579 variation here yeah I have uh I've seen 1577 01:06:43,910 --> 01:06:40,619 a couple of variations of the same 1578 01:06:46,190 --> 01:06:43,920 question which is what causes the Jets 1579 01:06:48,650 --> 01:06:46,200 to shoot in their particular directions 1580 01:06:51,349 --> 01:06:48,660 rather than just anywhere and everywhere 1581 01:06:53,990 --> 01:06:51,359 great yeah so what we think is happening 1582 01:06:56,930 --> 01:06:54,000 when you're creating a radio jet is that 1583 01:07:00,529 --> 01:06:56,940 so we have seen the accretion disk let's 1584 01:07:02,210 --> 01:07:00,539 actually kind of go back can I play my 1585 01:07:04,130 --> 01:07:02,220 slides a little bit again 1586 01:07:11,750 --> 01:07:04,140 yeah absolutely no problem uh start your 1587 01:07:16,069 --> 01:07:13,970 um so here's this animation that's 1588 01:07:19,069 --> 01:07:16,079 showing the material is being stripped 1589 01:07:22,490 --> 01:07:19,079 from this star and is forming the 1590 01:07:24,890 --> 01:07:22,500 accretion disk around uh the black hole 1591 01:07:26,870 --> 01:07:24,900 in this animation and so 1592 01:07:29,029 --> 01:07:26,880 um our models predict and what you can 1593 01:07:32,450 --> 01:07:29,039 see here perpendicular to that accretion 1594 01:07:35,210 --> 01:07:32,460 disk is the radio jet in this cartoon so 1595 01:07:37,549 --> 01:07:35,220 the jet that is being emitted by this 1596 01:07:41,150 --> 01:07:37,559 black hole in this system is going to be 1597 01:07:43,690 --> 01:07:41,160 perpendicular to that accretion disk so 1598 01:07:49,250 --> 01:07:43,700 if we say that the radio jet is related 1599 01:07:51,950 --> 01:07:49,260 to the uh orientation of the black hole 1600 01:07:53,750 --> 01:07:51,960 and the accretion disk if that means it 1601 01:07:55,250 --> 01:07:53,760 should it's there is no relationship 1602 01:07:57,170 --> 01:07:55,260 between the orientation of the 1603 01:08:00,289 --> 01:07:57,180 supermassive black hole and its 1604 01:08:03,049 --> 01:08:00,299 accretion disk with the greater uh 1605 01:08:06,950 --> 01:08:03,059 Galaxy all right so if the Galaxy is in 1606 01:08:08,870 --> 01:08:06,960 the plane of this plane and the uh 1607 01:08:10,130 --> 01:08:08,880 accretion disc doesn't also have to be 1608 01:08:11,930 --> 01:08:10,140 in that plane it can be pointed like 1609 01:08:13,549 --> 01:08:11,940 this and then the winds are traveling in 1610 01:08:15,230 --> 01:08:13,559 this direction 1611 01:08:17,510 --> 01:08:15,240 um so it can be at any random 1612 01:08:19,849 --> 01:08:17,520 orientation versus that of the host that 1613 01:08:22,970 --> 01:08:19,859 it lives in however what we're finding 1614 01:08:25,789 --> 01:08:22,980 then is that the radio the radiojet is 1615 01:08:27,530 --> 01:08:25,799 always perpendicular or I mean I guess 1616 01:08:30,530 --> 01:08:27,540 it's always running into that plane of 1617 01:08:32,030 --> 01:08:30,540 the hostess material so if it was just a 1618 01:08:34,010 --> 01:08:32,040 jet it should be at some random 1619 01:08:36,410 --> 01:08:34,020 orientation shooting out at all any sort 1620 01:08:39,349 --> 01:08:36,420 of Direction but it's always pointed so 1621 01:08:41,030 --> 01:08:39,359 that the radio structure is along that 1622 01:08:42,590 --> 01:08:41,040 plane of that host galaxy of the 1623 01:08:44,450 --> 01:08:42,600 material that we're looking at in that 1624 01:08:46,789 --> 01:08:44,460 Galaxy 1625 01:08:49,070 --> 01:08:46,799 so you're saying that the radio emission 1626 01:08:50,870 --> 01:08:49,080 basically comes from the interaction of 1627 01:08:55,189 --> 01:08:50,880 the where the jet hits the material 1628 01:08:58,249 --> 01:08:55,199 that's in the disk so I'm saying that uh 1629 01:08:59,809 --> 01:08:58,259 yeah so if it was a jet it would be a 1630 01:09:01,789 --> 01:08:59,819 relativistic plasma that's traveling 1631 01:09:03,890 --> 01:09:01,799 perpendicular to the accretion disc 1632 01:09:06,650 --> 01:09:03,900 going off somewhere but what we're 1633 01:09:09,470 --> 01:09:06,660 seeing then is that the radiation from 1634 01:09:12,410 --> 01:09:09,480 the AGN is probably running outward into 1635 01:09:14,570 --> 01:09:12,420 that host plane material and smacking 1636 01:09:16,669 --> 01:09:14,580 into it and pressing it shocking it and 1637 01:09:20,150 --> 01:09:16,679 then the radio structure is formed right 1638 01:09:21,890 --> 01:09:20,160 there so your your um you create a bunch 1639 01:09:24,349 --> 01:09:21,900 of cosmic rays or a bunch of free 1640 01:09:27,289 --> 01:09:24,359 particles from the shock happening and 1641 01:09:30,110 --> 01:09:27,299 then the shock travels along uh magnetic 1642 01:09:32,689 --> 01:09:30,120 field lines in the gas the the cool gas 1643 01:09:34,550 --> 01:09:32,699 that's there and that produces what's 1644 01:09:36,890 --> 01:09:34,560 called uh synchrotron radiation so 1645 01:09:38,870 --> 01:09:36,900 that's a radio emission that is when 1646 01:09:41,209 --> 01:09:38,880 particles travel along magnetic field 1647 01:09:42,769 --> 01:09:41,219 lines and emit this radio structure so 1648 01:09:45,349 --> 01:09:42,779 that's the radio that you're seeing then 1649 01:09:48,110 --> 01:09:45,359 and since you're forming that Splash 1650 01:09:51,229 --> 01:09:48,120 along maybe like a spiral arm or some 1651 01:09:52,910 --> 01:09:51,239 sort of dust Lane that Splash looks like 1652 01:09:55,189 --> 01:09:52,920 it's called collimated it looks like 1653 01:09:57,709 --> 01:09:55,199 it's pollinated like the beam of a jet 1654 01:09:59,990 --> 01:09:57,719 so that's why people say oh that looks 1655 01:10:02,390 --> 01:10:00,000 like the jet that I'm used to looking at 1656 01:10:04,430 --> 01:10:02,400 um but what it is it's a red herring in 1657 01:10:06,410 --> 01:10:04,440 that sense is that it's it's not 1658 01:10:07,790 --> 01:10:06,420 actually being collimated 1659 01:10:09,709 --> 01:10:07,800 all right 1660 01:10:11,450 --> 01:10:09,719 so I mean that that's an interesting 1661 01:10:13,490 --> 01:10:11,460 point of view is that the interesting 1662 01:10:16,310 --> 01:10:13,500 point to make that the radio emission 1663 01:10:18,470 --> 01:10:16,320 happens where the energy is gets 1664 01:10:20,209 --> 01:10:18,480 deposited into the material that it runs 1665 01:10:22,250 --> 01:10:20,219 into right 1666 01:10:24,709 --> 01:10:22,260 um I remember the same sort of thing is 1667 01:10:25,910 --> 01:10:24,719 is true for some radio loud stuff in 1668 01:10:29,209 --> 01:10:25,920 terms of you getting the synchrotron 1669 01:10:32,209 --> 01:10:29,219 radiation wherever it slows down uh 1670 01:10:34,370 --> 01:10:32,219 which is on in those cases well outside 1671 01:10:36,709 --> 01:10:34,380 the the visible extent of the Galaxy 1672 01:10:39,709 --> 01:10:36,719 which is right yeah so you can't trace 1673 01:10:42,530 --> 01:10:39,719 like a molecular gasoline of the host 1674 01:10:44,689 --> 01:10:42,540 Galaxy alongside those radio Jets those 1675 01:10:46,430 --> 01:10:44,699 radio jets are doing their own thing and 1676 01:10:49,010 --> 01:10:46,440 you can't trace parts of the Galaxy to 1677 01:10:50,630 --> 01:10:49,020 be intertwined with the radio structure 1678 01:10:53,870 --> 01:10:50,640 in those cases but in these radio quiet 1679 01:10:56,450 --> 01:10:53,880 AGN you often see that the radio mission 1680 01:10:58,189 --> 01:10:56,460 is I keep saying intertwined with the 1681 01:11:00,350 --> 01:10:58,199 ionized gas which means it's always 1682 01:11:03,050 --> 01:11:00,360 lodged into the host plane the host 1683 01:11:04,610 --> 01:11:03,060 material of that Galaxy 1684 01:11:06,950 --> 01:11:04,620 wrong 1685 01:11:09,590 --> 01:11:06,960 all right uh any more questions we've 1686 01:11:11,930 --> 01:11:09,600 got there Grant yes um AC is keeping me 1687 01:11:15,110 --> 01:11:11,940 honest the first part of our previous 1688 01:11:18,830 --> 01:11:15,120 question uh what frequencies Do You 1689 01:11:20,689 --> 01:11:18,840 observe sorry sorry sorry sorry yep so 1690 01:11:23,870 --> 01:11:20,699 um these are typically you're looking at 1691 01:11:25,250 --> 01:11:23,880 this Continuum emission and so the 1692 01:11:26,990 --> 01:11:25,260 synchrotron is formed in a continual 1693 01:11:29,570 --> 01:11:27,000 emission that we observed with the vla 1694 01:11:31,010 --> 01:11:29,580 the very large array the jansky very 1695 01:11:34,669 --> 01:11:31,020 large array 1696 01:11:37,550 --> 01:11:34,679 um in New Mexico and we also can use the 1697 01:11:39,110 --> 01:11:37,560 very large or very long Baseline array 1698 01:11:40,610 --> 01:11:39,120 the vlba 1699 01:11:43,070 --> 01:11:40,620 um to look at that same Continuum at 1700 01:11:45,830 --> 01:11:43,080 even smaller scales and that's an array 1701 01:11:48,770 --> 01:11:45,840 of radio dishes from Hawaii to Florida 1702 01:11:51,169 --> 01:11:48,780 and so they're not it's an enormous uh 1703 01:11:53,390 --> 01:11:51,179 interferometer but it's uh typically 1704 01:11:55,250 --> 01:11:53,400 around like eight gigahertz 1705 01:12:02,030 --> 01:11:55,260 um if we want a number there so it's in 1706 01:12:02,040 --> 01:12:06,590 all right sounds cool 1707 01:12:09,590 --> 01:12:08,209 they're already asking when your second 1708 01:12:10,950 --> 01:12:09,600 talk is going to be after the next round 1709 01:12:14,990 --> 01:12:10,960 of observations 1710 01:12:22,550 --> 01:12:19,490 um are some Galactic Central areas more 1711 01:12:25,010 --> 01:12:22,560 dense they use the word clumpy causing 1712 01:12:31,790 --> 01:12:25,020 more fluctuations or more activity with 1713 01:12:38,750 --> 01:12:34,490 oh 1714 01:12:40,550 --> 01:12:38,760 sure uh yeah right I mean so it would 1715 01:12:43,430 --> 01:12:40,560 make sense logically but 1716 01:12:46,790 --> 01:12:43,440 the material 1717 01:12:48,890 --> 01:12:46,800 is generally gotta be fed in to the 1718 01:12:51,709 --> 01:12:48,900 black hole somehow so 1719 01:12:53,750 --> 01:12:51,719 it's usually some sort of gas Lane 1720 01:12:55,550 --> 01:12:53,760 that's falling into that's being that's 1721 01:12:59,990 --> 01:12:55,560 falling into the black hole for these 1722 01:13:03,830 --> 01:13:00,000 active Galactic nuclei uh but I mean 1723 01:13:05,570 --> 01:13:03,840 that could be formed from a merger or I 1724 01:13:07,370 --> 01:13:05,580 mean maybe you have a a ring of star 1725 01:13:08,990 --> 01:13:07,380 formation like a starburst ring that's 1726 01:13:11,570 --> 01:13:09,000 going on and that's creating a bunch of 1727 01:13:13,070 --> 01:13:11,580 wins uh off of the stars and that those 1728 01:13:15,410 --> 01:13:13,080 those winds are falling into the black 1729 01:13:16,130 --> 01:13:15,420 hole in the center 1730 01:13:18,890 --> 01:13:16,140 um 1731 01:13:20,990 --> 01:13:18,900 so typically I mean I don't know how 1732 01:13:23,689 --> 01:13:21,000 they differ how the environments differ 1733 01:13:26,090 --> 01:13:23,699 necessarily from quiescent galaxies 1734 01:13:27,709 --> 01:13:26,100 galaxies without an active Galaxy or an 1735 01:13:29,930 --> 01:13:27,719 active nucleus in the center so Frank 1736 01:13:31,970 --> 01:13:29,940 showed the whirlpool Galaxy early on 1737 01:13:33,590 --> 01:13:31,980 this beautiful Grand Design structure 1738 01:13:35,810 --> 01:13:33,600 with the dust lanes and stuff I don't 1739 01:13:37,430 --> 01:13:35,820 know why those dust Lanes aren't falling 1740 01:13:39,050 --> 01:13:37,440 into the supermassive black hole at the 1741 01:13:41,570 --> 01:13:39,060 center like 1742 01:13:43,370 --> 01:13:41,580 so I mean if if you told me that that 1743 01:13:44,990 --> 01:13:43,380 one was not an AGN and that another one 1744 01:13:47,390 --> 01:13:45,000 wasn't AGN I wouldn't be able to 1745 01:13:49,490 --> 01:13:47,400 necessarily tell just by looking at them 1746 01:13:51,590 --> 01:13:49,500 so 1747 01:13:54,050 --> 01:13:51,600 um yeah I don't I'm not really sure then 1748 01:13:56,270 --> 01:13:54,060 but you know the other thing is that the 1749 01:13:58,070 --> 01:13:56,280 feeding time scale for a supermassive 1750 01:14:01,010 --> 01:13:58,080 black hole is well beyond the human time 1751 01:14:04,250 --> 01:14:01,020 scale so I mean I guess there is sort of 1752 01:14:06,229 --> 01:14:04,260 a record of the feeding uh in the Jet 1753 01:14:08,810 --> 01:14:06,239 right as you said it takes time for that 1754 01:14:11,030 --> 01:14:08,820 jet to propagate or the the and the 1755 01:14:12,550 --> 01:14:11,040 energy depression yeah the radiation the 1756 01:14:16,070 --> 01:14:12,560 radiation 1757 01:14:17,930 --> 01:14:16,080 and so if it had an especially active 1758 01:14:20,570 --> 01:14:17,940 time of feeding then there would be an 1759 01:14:24,050 --> 01:14:20,580 especially intense region somewhere else 1760 01:14:30,229 --> 01:14:26,570 could you deconvolve the energy history 1761 01:14:33,530 --> 01:14:30,239 of the black hole phone so it's really 1762 01:14:37,010 --> 01:14:33,540 hard for me so like okay if you had just 1763 01:14:39,229 --> 01:14:37,020 a very even plane of gas that it was the 1764 01:14:41,030 --> 01:14:39,239 flashlight was shining onto and it was 1765 01:14:43,130 --> 01:14:41,040 all just like the same media like same 1766 01:14:45,410 --> 01:14:43,140 density and stuff if the the flux 1767 01:14:47,270 --> 01:14:45,420 intensity like changed over time then 1768 01:14:48,590 --> 01:14:47,280 you'd know like yeah this was an active 1769 01:14:50,689 --> 01:14:48,600 more active period where it was like 1770 01:14:54,169 --> 01:14:50,699 flaring and then it was less active here 1771 01:14:57,590 --> 01:14:54,179 but the the surface that you're shining 1772 01:15:00,169 --> 01:14:57,600 on is just so irregular too that it's 1773 01:15:02,689 --> 01:15:00,179 really hard for me to try to like pull 1774 01:15:04,669 --> 01:15:02,699 out where it was brighter and where it 1775 01:15:06,890 --> 01:15:04,679 was fainted but you're right yeah I mean 1776 01:15:09,470 --> 01:15:06,900 if you were able to do that you could 1777 01:15:11,209 --> 01:15:09,480 see how what the activity of the AGN was 1778 01:15:13,189 --> 01:15:11,219 like over time like oh it was eating a 1779 01:15:14,689 --> 01:15:13,199 bunch of stuff at this period and this 1780 01:15:16,630 --> 01:15:14,699 gas is a lot brighter than it should be 1781 01:15:19,130 --> 01:15:16,640 next to it than the gas next to it right 1782 01:15:21,470 --> 01:15:19,140 the variations in the intensity of the 1783 01:15:23,330 --> 01:15:21,480 flashlight of Doom that's right oh 1784 01:15:25,090 --> 01:15:23,340 that's like uh that's definitely a 1785 01:15:26,810 --> 01:15:25,100 Indiana Jones 1786 01:15:30,830 --> 01:15:26,820 it is 1787 01:15:34,010 --> 01:15:30,840 sorry is that a PhD thesis project right 1788 01:15:38,090 --> 01:15:36,370 I was thinking Mega made 1789 01:15:42,649 --> 01:15:38,100 all right 1790 01:15:46,010 --> 01:15:42,659 um so uh oh the ACF asked our previous 1791 01:15:47,330 --> 01:15:46,020 I got two two okay two more okay yep two 1792 01:15:47,930 --> 01:15:47,340 more okay 1793 01:15:49,970 --> 01:15:47,940 um 1794 01:15:53,090 --> 01:15:49,980 AC the asker of our previous question 1795 01:15:55,870 --> 01:15:53,100 says as an amateur radio astronomer he 1796 01:15:58,970 --> 01:15:55,880 observes the 21 centimeter natural 1797 01:16:01,729 --> 01:15:58,980 hydrogen emission from our galaxy at 1798 01:16:05,510 --> 01:16:01,739 about 1420 megahertz 1799 01:16:08,810 --> 01:16:05,520 right so that is a mission from a gas 1800 01:16:11,450 --> 01:16:08,820 line so that traces where the molecular 1801 01:16:13,430 --> 01:16:11,460 or the where the hydrogen gas is and so 1802 01:16:15,410 --> 01:16:13,440 as we were talking about with the 1803 01:16:18,169 --> 01:16:15,420 difference between Hubble and with James 1804 01:16:19,790 --> 01:16:18,179 Webb looking at these different colors 1805 01:16:23,149 --> 01:16:19,800 or different different frequencies are 1806 01:16:24,890 --> 01:16:23,159 gonna give us different dimensions of 1807 01:16:26,870 --> 01:16:24,900 the um the structure that's going on 1808 01:16:29,530 --> 01:16:26,880 there so that get that 21 centimeter 1809 01:16:32,810 --> 01:16:29,540 line is super helpful for like tracing 1810 01:16:34,669 --> 01:16:32,820 uh gas lanes and I know that we I 1811 01:16:37,370 --> 01:16:34,679 remember writing a paper that we were 1812 01:16:39,830 --> 01:16:37,380 able to say oh this AGN is active 1813 01:16:41,870 --> 01:16:39,840 because it's eating it's a creating 1814 01:16:44,570 --> 01:16:41,880 material from its neighbor over there 1815 01:16:47,570 --> 01:16:44,580 because we can trace the 21 centimeter 1816 01:16:50,090 --> 01:16:47,580 emission from that Galaxy to our galaxy 1817 01:16:52,310 --> 01:16:50,100 and so that but that's a differential 1818 01:16:54,530 --> 01:16:52,320 yes that that while it is a radio 1819 01:16:56,390 --> 01:16:54,540 emission mine it is telling us a 1820 01:16:58,729 --> 01:16:56,400 different uh bit of information that 1821 01:17:00,530 --> 01:16:58,739 we're that we use also to create the 1822 01:17:02,209 --> 01:17:00,540 story of understanding what's happening 1823 01:17:04,010 --> 01:17:02,219 each in each of these Scouts 1824 01:17:05,930 --> 01:17:04,020 yeah it's really important to understand 1825 01:17:08,750 --> 01:17:05,940 that these different emission lines come 1826 01:17:11,030 --> 01:17:08,760 from different physical processes uh you 1827 01:17:14,149 --> 01:17:11,040 know simple to understand that um you 1828 01:17:16,070 --> 01:17:14,159 know uh temp gas at 3000 degrees if it's 1829 01:17:18,649 --> 01:17:16,080 one emission line gas at 10 000 degrees 1830 01:17:20,810 --> 01:17:18,659 and it's a different emission line uh 1831 01:17:23,030 --> 01:17:20,820 same thing happens in the radio uh in 1832 01:17:24,649 --> 01:17:23,040 terms of uh the different radio 1833 01:17:26,810 --> 01:17:24,659 emissions and it doesn't have to be 1834 01:17:28,850 --> 01:17:26,820 different wave bands either like in the 1835 01:17:31,790 --> 01:17:28,860 infrared with James Webb you're looking 1836 01:17:33,830 --> 01:17:31,800 at like warm molecular gas which is like 1837 01:17:35,570 --> 01:17:33,840 a couple hundred degrees Kelvin and the 1838 01:17:39,890 --> 01:17:35,580 there's a mission lines right next to it 1839 01:17:41,570 --> 01:17:39,900 that is like quintupley ionized nitrogen 1840 01:17:44,149 --> 01:17:41,580 or neon or something like and it's right 1841 01:17:45,350 --> 01:17:44,159 there next to it so like if you look at 1842 01:17:46,729 --> 01:17:45,360 those two different lines they're going 1843 01:17:48,110 --> 01:17:46,739 to tell you completely different stories 1844 01:17:49,550 --> 01:17:48,120 even though they're almost the exact 1845 01:17:52,310 --> 01:17:49,560 same wavelength right 1846 01:17:53,930 --> 01:17:52,320 right and and as we emphasized it's the 1847 01:17:57,229 --> 01:17:53,940 underlying physics that you're getting a 1848 01:17:58,610 --> 01:17:57,239 handle on from the various things that 1849 01:18:01,430 --> 01:17:58,620 you were observing 1850 01:18:04,130 --> 01:18:01,440 okay you said you had one more Grant yes 1851 01:18:05,930 --> 01:18:04,140 yes we always get one snuck in really 1852 01:18:07,430 --> 01:18:05,940 good question and I'm gonna end on this 1853 01:18:09,850 --> 01:18:07,440 one okay 1854 01:18:13,010 --> 01:18:09,860 how have you found ways to keep 1855 01:18:15,050 --> 01:18:13,020 astronomy real and grounded for you I 1856 01:18:18,709 --> 01:18:15,060 found it can become academic over time 1857 01:18:24,709 --> 01:18:22,550 um so I always consider myself as I've 1858 01:18:27,169 --> 01:18:24,719 alluded to a couple times tonight like 1859 01:18:29,930 --> 01:18:27,179 I'm a detective I'm a gumshoe and like 1860 01:18:32,990 --> 01:18:29,940 I'm using all of this data from 1861 01:18:35,450 --> 01:18:33,000 different wave bands uh to tell these 1862 01:18:37,550 --> 01:18:35,460 stories and I I'm not a survey person I 1863 01:18:39,530 --> 01:18:37,560 don't look at hundreds or tens of 1864 01:18:42,530 --> 01:18:39,540 galaxies usually at a time I look at one 1865 01:18:45,110 --> 01:18:42,540 really hard and with like in the Optical 1866 01:18:46,070 --> 01:18:45,120 on the UV and the infrared and I use 1867 01:18:50,390 --> 01:18:46,080 that to 1868 01:18:52,610 --> 01:18:50,400 um uh glean some new facet of how AGN 1869 01:18:54,470 --> 01:18:52,620 work and how that really 1870 01:18:56,630 --> 01:18:54,480 um works with all of the rest of the AGM 1871 01:18:59,630 --> 01:18:56,640 that we look at right now I mean this 1872 01:19:01,669 --> 01:18:59,640 radio thing is just the worst because 1873 01:19:02,930 --> 01:19:01,679 I'm very convinced that this is what's 1874 01:19:06,709 --> 01:19:02,940 happening 1875 01:19:08,930 --> 01:19:06,719 um in these radio quiet AGN and so I'm 1876 01:19:10,790 --> 01:19:08,940 spending a bunch of time trying to 1877 01:19:12,649 --> 01:19:10,800 convince other people that this is the 1878 01:19:15,649 --> 01:19:12,659 case but I feel right now that I'm in 1879 01:19:19,310 --> 01:19:15,659 the majority and the minority so 1880 01:19:21,530 --> 01:19:19,320 um that is my my quest right now is to 1881 01:19:23,810 --> 01:19:21,540 have folks acknowledge that this is 1882 01:19:26,930 --> 01:19:23,820 potentially what's going on and how 1883 01:19:29,030 --> 01:19:26,940 useful it would be if that is the case 1884 01:19:31,010 --> 01:19:29,040 um because then we can see like if we 1885 01:19:33,350 --> 01:19:31,020 just do a radio survey of this Continuum 1886 01:19:36,590 --> 01:19:33,360 Mission we can see uh we can take a 1887 01:19:38,450 --> 01:19:36,600 census of how many AGN are shocking or 1888 01:19:39,649 --> 01:19:38,460 compressing the gas of their host 1889 01:19:45,649 --> 01:19:39,659 galaxies 1890 01:19:48,470 --> 01:19:45,659 when people model how outflows work in 1891 01:19:50,390 --> 01:19:48,480 AGN they can say well we should have the 1892 01:19:52,490 --> 01:19:50,400 outflows run into the host plane 1893 01:19:55,610 --> 01:19:52,500 approximately 40 percent of the time 1894 01:19:57,950 --> 01:19:55,620 because that fisher guy found that the 1895 01:20:00,470 --> 01:19:57,960 extended radio structure happens about 1896 01:20:01,910 --> 01:20:00,480 40 percent of the time in these galaxies 1897 01:20:03,830 --> 01:20:01,920 that would suggest that that's where 1898 01:20:05,570 --> 01:20:03,840 positive feedback is happening and we'll 1899 01:20:08,390 --> 01:20:05,580 have to incorporate that into our models 1900 01:20:10,669 --> 01:20:08,400 so so that's what's keeping me going 1901 01:20:12,590 --> 01:20:10,679 right now 1902 01:20:16,010 --> 01:20:12,600 um and so that's going to keep happening 1903 01:20:18,350 --> 01:20:16,020 until the money runs out or something 1904 01:20:20,510 --> 01:20:18,360 else is more attractive to me but uh 1905 01:20:22,189 --> 01:20:20,520 that's how wide I'm doing that's a good 1906 01:20:23,870 --> 01:20:22,199 way to think of it though 1907 01:20:26,030 --> 01:20:23,880 but that's the fun thing about science 1908 01:20:27,830 --> 01:20:26,040 is there's always another problem to 1909 01:20:29,570 --> 01:20:27,840 solve if you get bored with this problem 1910 01:20:32,689 --> 01:20:29,580 which you know this is quite a fun 1911 01:20:35,090 --> 01:20:32,699 problem I I must say but there's always 1912 01:20:37,130 --> 01:20:35,100 yet other problems to go you know so you 1913 01:20:38,810 --> 01:20:37,140 can just say okay let's cut that's the 1914 01:20:40,729 --> 01:20:38,820 end of this season let's move on to the 1915 01:20:42,830 --> 01:20:40,739 next season of you know galactic 1916 01:20:44,810 --> 01:20:42,840 Detective 1917 01:20:47,510 --> 01:20:44,820 that's right I I like I like the 1918 01:20:49,310 --> 01:20:47,520 specific work the the word you that you 1919 01:20:51,110 --> 01:20:49,320 use just Quest 1920 01:20:52,910 --> 01:20:51,120 because it just makes me think that it's 1921 01:20:54,410 --> 01:20:52,920 not like another project it's not 1922 01:20:58,850 --> 01:20:54,420 another thing you're discovering it's a 1923 01:21:01,070 --> 01:20:58,860 side quest like yeah like here 1924 01:21:03,410 --> 01:21:01,080 we're gonna figure out 1925 01:21:05,630 --> 01:21:03,420 and what it's Illuminating for us and 1926 01:21:07,729 --> 01:21:05,640 then we that's just part of the bigger 1927 01:21:09,470 --> 01:21:07,739 picture but uh and then there's always 1928 01:21:10,850 --> 01:21:09,480 another Quest on the horizon that you're 1929 01:21:12,050 --> 01:21:10,860 like you're finishing this one and 1930 01:21:13,610 --> 01:21:12,060 you're like what am I gonna do after 1931 01:21:15,410 --> 01:21:13,620 this and then you're like that one I 1932 01:21:17,689 --> 01:21:15,420 have to go work on that idea next time 1933 01:21:19,729 --> 01:21:17,699 yep that's all right well we wish you 1934 01:21:21,770 --> 01:21:19,739 the best of luck in your continuing 1935 01:21:23,390 --> 01:21:21,780 series of quests 1936 01:21:25,610 --> 01:21:23,400 um and you know when you when you get 1937 01:21:26,530 --> 01:21:25,620 the answers come on back and and let us 1938 01:21:31,910 --> 01:21:26,540 know 1939 01:21:34,970 --> 01:21:31,920 next month uh April 4th exploring Rocky 1940 01:21:36,950 --> 01:21:34,980 worlds on the precipice of a new 1941 01:21:39,290 --> 01:21:36,960 frontier Catherine Bennett from the 1942 01:21:41,470 --> 01:21:39,300 Space Telescope science is dude we will 1943 01:21:44,870 --> 01:21:41,480 see you then thank you all for for